Shireroth

Imperial Republic of Shireroth Kaïsarelk Gamnalþ Sziroþ
Flag Coat of Arms
Motto: Szær Saszafran, ælt boþ usroszmos
Anthem: Bless the Realm and Death Spare the Kaiser
Map versions	All
Capital	Shirekeep
Largest city	Shirekeep, Fort Kezan, Daocheng, Gaelen's Landing, Apollo City, 's Koningenwaarde etc.
Official language(s)	Præta (official), Istvanistani (administrative)
Official religion(s)	Cedrism, Tianchaodao
Demonym	Shirerithian, Shirithian
- Adjective	Shirerithian, Shirithian
Government	Feudal
- Kaiser(ess) of Shireroth	Kaiseress Salome
- Steward	Louis Thuylemans (Thuylemans Government)
- Legislature	Landsraad, Adelsraad, Folksraad
Establishment	79 AN (establishment) 1466 AN (de facto independence) 1469 AN (de jure independence)
Area	NA
Population	1,112,478,806 (1723 AN)
Active population	NA
Currency	Erb (€)
Calendar	Norton Calender
Time zone(s)	CMT-11 / -9 / -8 / -7 / -3 / +5 / +10
Mains electricity	NA
Driving side	right
Track gauge
National website	Discord ShireWiki (old wiki)
National forum	Shirithian Forum (old)
National animal	Benacian Megaloceros (the Benacian Beast)
National food	Mango
National drink	Treesian Red
National tree	Malarbor
Abbreviation	IRS

For a list of the Imperial Republic's self-proclaimed successor states, see: Vulture States

The Imperial Republic of Shireroth (Præta: Kaïsarelk Gamnalþ Sziroþ), or simply Shireroth (Praeta: Sziroþ) is a neo-feudal empire that has dominated the Benacian continent, as well as vast swathes of the globe at various intervals, for almost 250 years under the Norton calendar. It is, not withstanding its largely mythical history, in which Shireroth was founded in 79 AN by Kaiser Raynor I, by any reasonable standard the most ancient of the surviving states on Micras, having been on all maps published by the Micras Cartography Society.

Following the Kalirion Fracture, its territorial holdings had been reduced by more than half. With the Salomeid Revival it recovered most of its former Kildarian possessions and even expanded into new territory in the east. In 1711 AN, it signed the Treaty of Raynor's Keep, which finalized the annexation and integration of Batavia into the Imperial Republic, further enlarging its influence and territory.

Geography

Shireroth is largely confined to the south-eastern parts of the Benacian continent and the Yardistani island chain. The islands in that chain under Shirerithian sovereignty are Yardistan, Amity, Mirioth, Skyla, and Zy-Rodun

Outside Benacia and Sathrati, Shireroth has possession over Kezan and Hawshire-Dura off the Apollonian coast, and over Talenore, an island in the Skerries.

Kezan and Hawshire-Dura consist of three main islands. Kezan is the southernmost, Hawshire the middle (and smallest) island, with Dura being the biggest and northernmost island.

Shireroth borders, in Benacia the Benacian Union, Kalgachia, Sanama, and Highpass, and in Apollonia, Natopia, Senya, Hurmu, Çakaristan, and Floria. Connected with Calbion at Faya Veronique Eiland. As such, Shireroth shares land borders with ten countries.

Subdivisions

The ruling nobility is granted its authority over a part of the territory by the grace of the Kaiser. Newly appointed Dukes are expected to bow in front of the Kaiser(ess).

• See: Subdivisions of Shireroth

Due to its size, it's impossible for the central authorities to administer every part of the Republic directly from the capital. Therefore, its lands are divided in a number of Imperial States (Duchies, County Palatines,...) which are - in most cases - further divided in lower tier subdivisions.

Government

Kaiser

See List of Kaisers

The Kaiser, known as Kaiseress if a woman holds the post is the monarch of the Imperial Republic of Shireroth.

The current kaiseress of Shireroth is Kaiseress Salome (born in 1665). Her official duties were performed by a regent, currently Lady Mira III of Octavius-Aryani, Countess of Shirekeep, for the duration of her childhood. Upon her fifteenth birthday (1680), Kaiseress Salome became an adult in Shirerithian law, and resumed the full powers of the kaisership.

Historically the position of Kaiser was autocratic, if not despotic in scope, but with successive constitutional reforms it became more akin to the traditional role of a constitutional monarch.

Originally, the Kaisers of Shireroth simply served as nothing more than warrior kings and politically leaders of the Realm. Their presence in folklore, myths and in religion only grew over time. The tale of Rrakanychan who was defeated by one of the early Kaisers (some sources mention Raynor I, but others depict one of his successors as the hero) is a primary example of the central role of the Kaisership in Cedrism. With the need to strengthen central authority, Kaisers often used religious customs and myths to unite the several ethnic groups under one banner.

Criticism of a ruling Kaiser was uncommon due to the strict censorship during the 15th century, but Mog's reign succesfully angered both the nobility and the citizenry, of whom some lost their citizenship to the Imperial Republic.

While not holding any official religious position, the Kaiser was depicted as highest representative of the Gods (above the High Priests) and on some rare occasions dead Kaisers have even been considered to have achieved a strange kind of apotheosis. Kaiser Mog I became infamous for granting land to another nation and became God of Political Blunders while Raynor II made an attempt to - literally - catapult himself into godhood by constructing a huge catapult; an idiotic fable. Kaiser Gaelen IV made an attempt to expand the position of the Kaiser by establishing the Imperial Cult, which received little popularity outside of the Imperial Household.

Historically, the powers granted the Kaiser were limitless. The Kaiser was the fons honorum, granting all titles and holding all lands, granting them in fief. In practice however the Kaisers were heavily circumscribed in their ability to enjoy the vast powers nominally within their gift. With monotonous regularity, Kaisers were assassinated, deposed, or felt obliged to resign to avoid unspecified consequences. So deeply ingrained did this practice of deposition become that the average duration of a Kaiser's reign - about three years - became culturally ingrained. On the occasions where a Kaiser survived past the three year mark, awkward questions might be asked in the Landsraad and the first ominous rumblings of discontent could be heard out in the provinces.

The effect of this was to make many Kaisers into transient non-entities who spent their reigns balancing a myriad of threats, appeasing their overmighty subjects and trying to ward off the inevitable knife in the back. This brought constant change to the government, and was justified as ensuring that the Imperial Bloodlines continued to receive a fair opportunity to obtain the highest office in the land. The high turn over also paid lip service to the republican and meritocratic ideals of Shireroth's peculiar brand of governance. Over time the quality of the nobles who attained the Kaisership began to decline markedly - with each successive candidate becoming, seemingly, progressively more self-serving and or imbecilic. The reasons for this decline has been debated continually over the course of decades. For the most part the prevailing consensus is that as the powers of the Kaiser became increasingly curtailed by the stringency of the reformed Charter and the particularist tendencies of the Imperial States so the candidates who continued to be attracted to the role began to value the form over the substance of high office, beginning an inevitable march towards mediocrity.

In the year 1648 during the reign of Kaiseress Noor that tradition was done away with because it was no longer deemed suited to the modern age and ran contrary to the sacred interests of strong and stable leadership in a properly ordered, coordinated and harmonious Imperial Republic. In consequence thereof any Kaiser nowadays reigns for an indefinite term. The succession, furthermore, has become dynastic, with the grandson of Noor, Ayreon IV attaining the Golden Mango Throne during his minority. Thus, almost unprecedentedly, the reigning stewards of the early 1650s are also regents.

Following the promulgation of the Imperial Charter of 1654 the Kaiser ceded most his remaining executive powers to the Steward, who was henceforth to be elected by the Landsraad, and to the Imperial Advisory Council, which would handle the arrangements pertaining to any regency period during a Kaiser's minority. The Kaiser does however remain the font of honour and can dismiss the Steward at his pleasure, albeit at the risk that the Landsraad may vote the same Steward straight back into office.

Imperial Advisory Council & Ministries

IAC

• See: Imperial Advisory Council

Ministries

As of 1723 AN, the structure of the Imperial Government is as follows:

• Imperial Household Agency (Chamberlain of the Household)
  • Dirâsat-an-Nûr and the College of Pages (Dean of the Dirâsat-an-Nûr and Master of Pages)
  • Chamber of Petitions and Pleas (Chamberlain of the Household)
  • Chamber of the Crypteia (Commissioner of the Crypteia)
  • Court Historian and the College of Notaries (Master of Endowments)

• Ministry of Military Affairs
  • Commission for the Land Forces
  • Commission for the Maritime Forces
  • Commission for the Air Forces
  • Commission for the Civil Defence

• Ministry of External Relations
  • Commission for International Diplomacy
  • Commission for Communications with the Green
  • Commission for the Raspur Pact

• Ministry of Trade
  • Commission for the Fiscus
  • Commission for International Trade
  • Commission for Public Works and the Cadastres

• Ministry of Information
  • Commission for the National School Curriculum
  • Commission for the Development of Technology

• Ministry of Rites
  • Commission for Adorations
  • Commission for Venerations
  • Commission for Ranks
  • Imperial Malarborist

Legislature

The legislature of Shireroth is vested by the Imperial Charter in the Landsraad, with several legislative competences granted the Steward in zir own right. However, by imperial law, the Landsraad, being a hereditary/appointed house of the highest nobles in the land, is supplanted by the Adelsraad (elected by the nobles or citizens of Shireroth) and the Folksraad (elected by the denizenry, i.e. the free non-indentured people of Shireroth).

Since the Kalirion Fracture, only the Landsraad has been a functional component of the Shirerithian legislature. By the early 1700s AN, with the imperium on the rebound and domestic conditions improving, petitions were received by the Golden Mango Throne to reinstitute the other legislatures. In response, and with the results of the 1701 Shireroth census suffering from significant irregularities on issues of standing, class, and privileges of rank, Kaiseress Salome instructed her steward to initiate a special commission for the renormalization of social classes. Once complete, the new table of ranks and classes would be used for another all imperium census, from which tax apportionment and representation could be rendered.

Landsraad

See also Landsraad; ShireWiki article on the Landsraad

The Landsraad is the highest and oldest legislative body in Shireroth. Presided over by the Prætor (currently Tinker Sprocket, Count of Machinaria), 36 imperial electors meet in the Hall of Oratory in the Palace of Zirandorthel in Shirekeep to make laws, elect the Steward, and make important resolutions. Compared to the Adelsraad, the Folksraad, and the legislative powers of the Steward, the Landsraad is the most powerful body of them all

Imperial Judex

The Imperial Judex is the highest court of law in the Shirerithian judex system. It is headed by the Arbiter who at times is assisted by Provosts (assistant arbiters).

The Judex system is organized differently in different subdivisions, but at the very end, any decision may be appealed as far up as to the Judex. Usually, the Judex hears only imperial disputes of the highest kind, such as those relating directly to the Imperial Ministries, the Kaiser, the Landsraad or the Charter itself.

Since the death of Kaiser Ayreon IV during the Kalirion Fracture, the Imperial Judex has become more of an honorary court position within the general Imperial Court, with de facto supreme power being held by the various appellate courts of law in what is left of Shireroth. Of these, the ones in Shirekeep and Kezan have become normative, ensuring that these have in a way become joint supreme courts. Although there have been calls to formalize this arrangement, the political dysfunction in Shirerithian governance, still paralysed from the Fracture, has made it impossible to agree on how to implement any post-Fracture constitutional changes. The concept of an overhaul of the Charter is so heavily linked with the discussion of the entire organization of the Imperial Republic, a topic that is difficult to approach clear-headedly.

Foreign relations

Shireroth, with its long established empire and sphere of influence, is an active participant in the geopolitical and strategic affairs of Micras. It's level of engagement is demonstrated by its membership of the Micras Treaty Organisation and the Raspur Pact, as well as in the global reach of the ESB Group. At various times in its history an isolationist power, Shireroth has also been noted for its intense rivalries with Babkha, Jingdao, and Kalgachia. In the case of Jingdao the causes of the enduring conflict can be traced back to the loss of Kildare, to which Shireroth remained largely unreconciled until it had fully grown into its role as Benacian hegemon, which in turned served as the primary driver for tensions between the Imperial Republic and the Garden of Kalgachia.

It has not been entirely unheard of for diplomats whose letters of credential have been rejected or rescinded, for whatever reason, to be sacrificed to the daemonic tree firmly rooted in the grounds of Raynor's Keep.[1] This is surprisingly less controversial than might otherwise be expected.

History

For a more in depth treatment of the various (mutually contradictory) histories of Shireroth, please peruse the Shirewiki.

The history of Shireroth in the First Era was characterised by continuous warfare between the barons of the great bloodlines, each claiming descent from Raynor and taking for themselves the honorific of "Kaiser" at the pinnacle of their invariably bloody ascent to the ultimate prize, the capture and sack of Raynor's Keep.

The general tradition is that Shireroth was founded as a successor state to the enlightened and technologically advanced Empire of Khaz Modan (-1211bN to -0bN) which was brought to an end by a sudden and violent cataclysm brought on by dabbling in inter-dimensional research, which seldom ends well. In this instance the experimentation of the so-called mages established a connection between Micras and a pocket hell-dimension which allowed hostile entities to enter this plane of existence, whilst concurrently releasing a pulse of energy which destroyed the Empire's home island and plunged the western hemisphere into a dark age that was, not coincidentally, the First Era (circa 0 AN to circa 880 AN).

Shireroth rose from the ashes of the Khaz Modani Empire in the form of the Duchy of Brookshire that rose in Southern Benacia under the House of Raynor. After a successful conquest of Goldshire by Brookshire's proficient armies, the newly-gained territory was incorporated in union with Brookshire under the name Shireroth. The capital, Shirekeep, was established as a fortified position on the confluence of the Rivers Elwynn.

This unity proved to be extremely transient and the Second Era (878 – 1442) was dominated by warring states, who somewhat tenuously laid claim upon the bloodlines of the Kaisers of the preceding era, which vied for dominion over the course of the Red Elwynn between Shirekeep and Musica. An increasing reliance upon necromancy and daemons on the part of the houses as they struggled for paramountcy saw the society of the duchies of Brookshire and Goldshire progressively undermined until, after the diabolical pact of Kaiser John, those who remained were unable to maintain the sovereignty of eastern Benacia in the face of foreign colonists.

Third Era

The Imperial Charter of Shireroth was written down during the Third Era.

Shireroth's modern founding was in 1442 (the beginning of the Third Era). Foreign recognition of the Kaisership occurred later, in approximately 1462, with Erik Mortis becoming Kaiser Metzler I. The accurate record keeping in the Imperial Household began with Gaelen II in 1465, and all accession dates after that are taken to be authentic.

Having established dominance of the Benacian continent, the Kaisers of the House of Raynor eventually expanded their reach to Yardistan and Kildare. Despite further acquisitions, these initial territories constituted the core "Ancient Duchies" of Shireroth for many ages.

Although the Duchies frequently rebelled against the Kaiser and fought each other, their unity within Shireroth was maintained by an informal system of quality control wherein the succession of the Kaisership was passed through individuals with proven ability to rule (with occasional notorious exceptions) ensuring that their attitude toward Shireroth's restive fiefdoms, while often less than amiable, was neither harsh enough nor feeble enough to precipitate those territories' complete break from the government in Shirekeep.

Legitimacy rested upon descent from Kaiser Raynor I. After seventeen centuries, much of Western and Central Benacia, as well as a fair smattering of Babkhi and Kildari can claim this boon. Nonetheless the frequently rotating succession remained within the clutches of a dozen or so noble houses who jealously guarded their notoriously intermarried bloodlines. In spite of the the vigilance of the Imperial Republic's noble oligarchs there have been several "sanglorian" Kaisers in the modern era, alongside a half dozen inhuman Kaisers (whether revenants or aliens). As the Third Era wore on, things became progressively stranger, until a measure of sanity was restored by the confirmation of the dynastic succession in the hands of the House of Ayreon-Kalirion, itself being however troubled by some of its dynastic associations.

Feudal Shireroth

Shireroth in its present form began inauspiciously. The last Kaiser of the second era, John II, a greedy and unscrupulous ruler who had consorted with daemons to further his rule, had been overthrown by Kaiser Erik II and torn apart by the Shirekeep mob. Erik however proved to be a weak ruler who failed to control the populist forces he had unleashed. The so-called Direct Democracy Riots destabilised eastern Benacia, which was at that time under vassalage to Audentior. Erik's provisional government ended abruptly in the seventh month of 1444 when Audentior, tired of the anarchy, formally annexed Shireroth. Erik was allowed to keep his title and history records that his reign continued for another year.

He was succeeded by his son, the eccentric and irascible Kaiser Brrapa V, who in 1446 staged a successful attempt to break away from Audentior's crumbling colonial empire. The effort was perhaps not so successful however as the act of secession was followed immediately by annexation by the Flying Islands of Jasonia in the same year.

The chaos resumed with renewed vigour during the reign of Brrapa's grandson, Gaelen I, during which time Shireroth broke away from Jasonia (1451), found itself ensnared in the Amity Crisis (1451–1452) with its former colonial master, witnessed the final submission of Elwynn (1452), was ruled by Commonwealth of Benacia (1455–1458), embroiled in the Paramount War (1456), became a partner in the Hegemony of Alexandros (1458–1466) and part of the United Republic of Tymaria after 1461. It was a period during which many unstable and declining states sought to ward off collapse by voluntarily merging into ever larger, ever more diffuse, and ever more unwieldy, federations. The last and largest of these, Tymaria, spanned the globe like a colossus. It's federal structure and competing Atteran and Apollonian centres of power however meant that it was a giant with feet of clay.

Whilst the overarching empire spiralled into ever more doomed complexity, the office of Kaiser began to gain the attributes of an absolute monarchy under Kaiser Gaelen II, and recreated a small feudal system with two Duchies, Brookshire and Goldshire. The feudal system was expanded vastly to include a new level, Baron, and the Landsraad became a major organ of government. Shireroth soon became much more important than its subordinate status would indicate as Patrick Foley chose to bequeath the remnants of the UAS to it as the Duchy of Kildare. With a number of military-oriented types like Daniel K and Greg Russell. Shireroth would go on to gain De facto independence from Tymaria (1466) during the reign of Kaiser Mors I (1466–1468). In the year 1467 however Philip Locke set a fire amongst the papers of the government record office. Infamy and a significant lacuna ensued.

Formal secession from Tymaria was deferred until the reign of Kaiseress Viviantia I (1469–1470) and not long afterwards the states of Hyperborea, Yardistan, Jaris, and Akerbjorn fell under Shirerithian rule. It was perhaps unease at this rapid expansion which prompted Kaiser Mog (1472–1473) into his foolish attempt to cede Amity and Mirioth. His reward was deposition and death in the wake of Letifer's Revolt.

The Battle of Cimmeria (1477) is the conventional name given to a partially successful attempt to defend Shireroth against the depredations of a slightly unlikely group going by the name of Anarchy 21. Kaiser Raynor X, who had arrived late to the battle, then declared the day a national holiday, and rewarded its heroes. Robert Belci, a Crandishman, and Harvey Steffke, a Menelmacari, were given honorary citizenship and military awards. Stjepan Aracic, already an honorary citizen, was given double honorary citizenship. More substantially Jadie Mathematician was made the Duchess of Goldshire.

Federal Shireroth

This system began to break down from the approximate time of Kaiser Letifer III (1512-1514 AN), wherein the old reliable noble houses faded from prominence and the Kaisership was passed to increasingly less competent and more self-interested individuals. The ensuing bitterness caused those elements of the old guard remaining to become cantankerous and lose the knack of wise rule themselves, culminating in the notorious House System; an enormous feudal reform which attempted to codify the chaotic situation by making the retention of one's land holdings essentially dependent on one's skill in political skullduggery. Naturally the ensuing mess produced victims, the foremost of whom being the disenfranchised population of Elwynn who responded by seizing control over the greater part of that territory and effecting a secession from Shireroth in 1567. Although this secession was temporary, it forever shattered the myth of Kaiserial infallibility and permanently damaged the unspoken belief in Shirerithian nationhood which had long bonded its many peoples in ways that government could not.

Shaken by the impotence of the Kaisership in maintaining Shirerithian harmony, the political current in Shireroth moved gently in favour of democratisation with the Shirerithian legislature, the Landsraad, ending its ancient nobles-only rule and opening membership to the entire citizenry in 1588. Opinion also moved toward insulating the provinces from the worst failures of Imperial policy by granting them substantial autonomy, in order to restore a sense of trust and wellbeing that would, in turn, keep Shireroth together. This culminated in the Lich Charter of 1595, promulgated by Kaiseress Mira Raynora Major, wherein Shireroth's territories were transformed into a series of autonomous Imperial States with profuse powers to determine their own affairs. This partial restoration of sanity contributed, among other things, to the reunification of Elwynn with Shireroth in 1600.

Unfortunately the Imperial State system depended on a certain level of good faith on the part of the Imperial States toward the Kaiser's government in Shirekeep, as those bonds which were no longer maintained by the Kaiser's power came to depend on the voluntary co-operation of the Imperial States with each other and with the Kaiser. The inability of the Kaiser to deal with the excessive self-interest of Imperial States was explosively demonstrated with the surprise secession of Kildare in 1617. What Elwynn began in demoting the vaunted myth of the Shirerithian Kaisership, Kildare all but finished.

In the aftermath of the loss of Kildare to Jingdao, and the failure of the Neridia colony on Istvanistan, large swathes of the population in Lichbrook and southern Goldshire had resolved that suffering what they perceived as constant disruption by other Imperial States, only to be collectively punished for those states' purported excesses by what they saw as reductions of their own political autonomy, was proof of their systematic expulsion from the Shirerithian political process. Through this contorted reasoning the dissidents had come to the conclusion that the Kaisers of Shireroth could no longer make any demand upon their fealty. Rather than risk battle on the field of honour or in the Landsraad for possession of their ancestral lands, these traitors instead preferred the stratagem of stealth, stealing away in the night and following the smugglers routes and Lach trails leading towards lawless Ashkenatzim lands of the west, wherein they would found Minarboria.

The years of blood

In the latter centuries of the Third Era the Imperial Republic had become a continental empire, into which a vast number of diverse ethnic populations had been swept and only partially assimilated.

The Imperial Republic, long dissatisfied by the federal system became ensnared in a series of interconnected conflicts beginning in 1635 AN and finally coming to a conclusion in the year 1644 with the entry of Kaiseress Noor into Shirekeep. The prime cause of the conflict was the unbalanced relationship between a weakened Imperial Government and the over-mighty imperial states, of which Elwynn was the prime offender.

The wars began with the so-called River War (1635), an unsuccessful attempt by hard-line Cedrists and Elwynnese ultra-nationalists to mount a quick decapitation strike on the Monarchy of Elwynn which was led by Princess Margana, the daughter of Kaiser Brrapa VII and sponsored by the patricians of Shirekeep and the Court within Raynor's Keep.

In spite of being well resourced and brutally executed, the attempted takeover of Elwynn by a combination of a coup and 'hybrid warfare' failed spectacularly and rebounded upon the heads of the plotters. Not only were they unsuccessful in their efforts to exterminate the Royal Family of Elwynn but the war ended with the King's father entering Shirekeep as a conqueror.

It was said by some that Brrapa VII was conveniently ill at the start of the war and conveniently dead at its end.

One of the notable aspects of the war, which effectively lasted for two months at most, was the rate at which stockpiles of modern hi-tech guided munitions and missiles were rapidly depleted. The Imperial Shirerithian Air Forces (ISAF) had expended its reserves of cruise missiles within the first week of the conflict and was still trying to acquire and adapt ship launched missiles from the Imperial Shirerithian Navy (which had remained neutral in the conflict) by the time the war ended. Similarly the UDF had been caught short and taken by surprise by the war and was still trying to reactivate the Southron Barrage programme by the war's end. The UDF had also run its stockpiles of medium-range anti-aircraft missiles down to the point of exhaustion during the Battle of Echo. The decision of the Imperialists to hold back their remaining air assets, particularly the UCAVs, after the shocking losses of that engagement proved to be the hinge point that turned what might have been a mere setback into the decisive victory that ensured the survival of the Elwynnese Union and its eventual victory.

By the final weeks of the war even the supplies of unguided 'dumb' bombs were being run down to the point that the Arandur of Alalehzamin and Utasia was obliged to establish workshops to produce crude unguided rockets in order to keep up the rate of fire on the defenders of Shirekeep and the ISAF was giving serious consideration to adapting its remaining UCAV force to drop re-purposed canisters packed with high-explosives.

This experience subsequently informed the strategic and operational doctrines of both the UDF and the reformed (i.e. purged) Imperial Forces in that the technologically sophisticated weapons systems began to be viewed as an exquisitely crafted and expensive blade of tremendous penetrating power that nonetheless blunted quickly through frequent use. For this reason it began to be felt that what was required was a second line of sufficient mass and firepower that would be less sophisticated, and for therefore more affordable, that could get the job done - through blunt object trauma if need be - once the enemy's own, exquisitely wrought, first line of defences had been sufficiently burnt through to provide an opening.

The desire to test this new theory against a representation of an avowedly unconventional opposing force gave rise to the series of military exercises known as Operation Long Haul and all the attendant controversies that ensued when neighbouring Minarboria became thoroughly alarmed.

The Anarchy of Angularis (1635-1640) was a five year period of disorder in which Elw ultra-nationalists and other separatist, anti-monarchist and anti-imperialist groups waged a low level insurgency, gradually extending their influence throughout the Vale of Angularis. These forces were violently suppressed by Elwynnese and Imperial Forces under the overall direction of the Arandur of Alalehzamin and Utasia in the Campaign of 1639, considered by some to be amongst one of the bloodiest episodes in modern Benacian history, second only to the Green Mortality of 1605 in the reign of Kaiser Aiomide, although this record was subsequently overtaken the calamities of the 1650s.

Martial Law in Goldshire (1639) was declared after the assassination of the Goldshirean and Elwynnese Princes Arn and Rostam Ayreon-Kalirion by parties unknown in the year 1639. This being the third such attempt on a member of the Ayreon-Kalirion bloodline in which poison was administered in a secure environment, suspicion quickly turned to the Leonid Guard whose duty was to protect the family of the Emira of Sathrati. This latest failing proved to be final straw and the Royal Government of Goldshire, administered by the ESB-Jörmungandr Group, declared martial law and instigated a purge of suspect individuals and organisations within the Kingdom. That this poisoning was part of a wider conspiracy was proved when the secretive Assayers successfully, albeit temporarily, countermanded the martial law decree.

After two days of confusion, Queen Noor was able to reassert her authority and reinstated the martial law decree - adding to it the proscription of the now openly treacherous Assayers. The Assayers, more formally the Chamber of Assay of the Avakair Mint and Bullion Depository, had a fearsome reputation for being able to instil psychological terror and also a capacity for actual acts of terror, including abduction, torture and assassination, in pursuit of its relentless drive to try and maintain standards of purity in the 'gold standard' Erb and a ruthless determination to destroy any threats to that self same purity. This put them on an inevitable collision course with the ESB-Jörmungandr Group which has, no less ruthlessly, sought to promote its fiat currency - the Teldrin Thaler - throughout the river ports of the the Red Elwynn and beyond.

Faced by such a dangerous and unpredictable foe, and concerned about wavering morale amongst the Goldshire Regulars, the Royal Government, on the 11th of Araroqpinu 1639, invoked its right under the Martial Code of Shireroth to seek the assistance of Imperial Forces. The Imperial Government had already taken steps to order Leonid Guards based overseas to return to ESB run rendition facilities in Goldshire and Zy-Rodun. Now, with an official invitation, it could act with full force. The situation led inevitably to full blown civil war (1639-1643).

The civil war ended with the Armistice of Airle (Reire the 15th of Nomeziooqu, 1643), the terms of which surprisingly generous, by Shirerithian standards. Rebel leaders were castrated and sent to monasteries. Golems, alchemical artefacts and Gnostic grimoires meanwhile were be destroyed. Beyond this there was a prohibition on reprisals. Imperial Constabulary assumed responsibility for peacekeeping in Goldshire while the crimes of the rebels, as well as of pro-government militias were to be investigated equally by judicially appointed inquisitors.

The civil war saw a revival in the ancient Cedrist religion as well as the reintroduction of various practices such as gladiatorial combat, human sacrifice and the mass enslavement of displaced persons. The various factions on both sides sought to make the war pay for itself by resorting to the plunder of the opposing sides territory. Criminality also dramatically increased with the Mercaja side especially resorting to drugs smuggling, extortion, racketeering and the fraudulent transmutation of base metals into gold and silver in order to fund its operations.

Officially the Royal Government of Goldshire acknowledged 43,770 fatalities as a consequence of the civil war. It has however been suggested that these figures were deliberately underplayed to avoid causing embarrassment to the Alexandrian government during the negotiations leading up to the formation of the Sxiro-Alexandrian-Natopian Entente.

An estimate contained in a report by the ESB Group suggested a death-toll of 8,431,770, several orders of magnitude greater than the official tally. The reason for the disparity laid in the omission from official statistics of the victims of chemical weapons attacks carried out by the Imperial Forces and the death-toll from clean-up operations in Lunaris after the collapse of the organised rebellion. The report and its authors were suppressed and pulped by the Jaysh al-Sathrati on the orders of Queen Noor.

Holwinn and Lunaris felt the effects of the war disproportionately, with advance and retreat of first the Jaysh al-Sathrati and then the Army of the Golden Dawn which caught the civilian populations of those two counties in a desperate maelstrom of violent reprisal, where civilians were targeted as much as, if not more often than, the opposing combatants. 25% of the Lunatic population was killed or died of communicable diseases during the conflict whilst a staggering 41% of the population of the County of Holwinn perished as collateral damage after the Technomaezji unleashed its full arsenal of chemical and biological munitions in an attempt to halt the rebel advance towards Cabbagefall.

It was the scale of this slaughter which convinced Kaiser Dominus to initiate war-crimes trials against the guilty parties of both sides in the civil war. A matter of some embarrassment considering the support that the Imperial Government and the ESB Group had lavished on Queen Noor's private army. By the end of the war however the Jaysh was a broken force, discredited both morally and militarily.

The Imperial States and Imperial Dominions of Shireroth during the reign of Kaiser Dominus.

1644, the Year of the Four Kaisers, was a tumultuous moment in Shirerithian History which saw the deposition and murder of Kaiser Dominus, and the emergence of three claimants to the Golden Mango Throne.

The next cycle of wars that began with the Struggle for the South (1649–1651), a series of inter-related disputes and conflicts following the Elwynnese confiscation of Mishalan and the collapse, demotion and or dissolution of the Lich Realms of Lichbrook and Minarboria, ending the dominion of the dead over the lands of southern Benacia. The disputes saw an increase in anti-Elwynnese sentiment and the first semblance of opposition to the Ayreon-Kalirion dynastic succession to the Mango Throne.

The Struggle ended with the restoration of Mishalan, the establishment of the Domain of Malarboria and finally the Auspicious Occasion of 1651. This decree marked the beginning of a systemic purge of Storrish influence in the Imperial Republic. More specifically the expulsion of the House of Ettlingar Freyu and the Church of the Froyalanish Ancient Ways from the Elwynnese Union resulted from a double coup in Shirekeep and Eliria which brought to an abrupt end the Froyalanish hegemony over the Imperial Republic that had begun with the abdication of Prince Jonathan Ayreon-Kalirion in 1623 and the River War of 1635.

King Noah disputed the legality of his expulsion but failed to gain any measure of popular support at home or abroad, with the sole exception of the then Emperor of Natopia, Zakyyr. A complete rupture in the Sxiro-Natopian alliance was averted but Noah remained Natopian foreign minister for a time longer, prompting some awkwardness.

The speed of the collapse of Elwynnese resistance, combined with the success of the Imperial Government in delivering a fait accompli had brought the Auspicious Occasion to a swift and decisive conclusion, greatly limiting the destruction and loss of life endured by the Elwynnese. This contrasted strikingly with previous Imperial interventions in Dietsland, Goldshire, Lichbrook, Minarboria, Puritania and Voltrue over the course of the previous sixteen years.

On the Elwynnese side, the centralising of decision making powers into the hands of the King and his court had meant that once Noah was isolated and unable to maintain open communications the once formidable array of forces at his disposal gave a poor account of themselves, in marked contrast to their performance during the Year of the Four Kaisers seven years previously. The selection and advancement of officers noted for their loyalty to the Crown and love of pomp and pageantry over their professional ability had degraded the quality of command and control and led to a loss of the capacity for displays of individual initiative.

The Imperial Forces meanwhile had continued to expand, rearm and professionalise following the defeats endured in the River War and the Year of the Four Kaisers. The Imperial Army was performing at near the peak of operational readiness it had achieved during an abortive war scare with Jingdao in 1647, and its officers were highly motivated to gain revenge for the slights they had endured from the Elwynnese over the years.

The Imperial Forces were, to be sure, still bedevilled by the perennial problems of a creaking and sclerotic logistics chain as well as a command structure of bewildering complexity. Nonetheless the matter was resolved before these issues could make a decisive negative impact.

The Imperial Marshals had finally proved themselves with their involvement in the capture of Krull Palace. Unfettered by the constraints of the Martial Code they had been free to move assets into the city under the guise of rotating personnel out of the Imperial Legations, without the level of domestic surveillance that Imperial Forces transiting Elwynnese territory routinely had to endure.

Debate continues as to whether the establishment of a new period of dynastic rule constitutes a fourth era. In the past, using a discredited historiography and calendar, as many as seven eras were postulated. However, following the Auspicious Occasion, a more rational approach to historical research has taken hold and the process of investigating and verifying the reigns of the Kaisers of the early era, and indeed the nature of their rule, is ongoing.

One of the most notable attributes of the aftermath of the Auspicious Occasion was the systematic repudiation and destruction of much of what had previously been considered integral to Vanic and Froyalanish iconography. In many regards the Royal Government was obliged to legislate to keep up with the popular anger and the tearing down of Vanic monuments.

The smashing and destruction of the "viking helmet crowns" prominently displayed on all royal crests, proved to be an especially popular pastime amongst the masses.

The sudden fall of the House of Ettlingar Freyu threw into sharp reverse the expansionist policy pursued by Elwynn hitherto. Instead, under the terms of an agreement brokered in Eliria, Elwynnese territory was ceded to the Kingdom of Goldshire, the Dominion of Malarboria and the Imperial Republic itself - so as to form new Imperial Dominions.

The much reduced Elwynn would subsequently go on to cast off the last vestiges of monarchical rule and refound itself as a constitutional republic.

Between 1636 and 1655, between the Wars of the Dark Orchid, the Auspicious Occasion, the Alexandrian Flu, famine, emigration, and the War of Lost Brothers the population of Shireroth fell by 21% to 556 million.

Global war

The Sxiro-Jingdaoese Confrontation, reinvigorated by the War of Lost Brothers, had become an all consuming international phenomenon, whose reverberations were felt upon every continent. Particularly badly affected was the nascent Florian Republic, whose dreams of great power status were cruelly dashed by an alternating succession of Shirerithian, Jingdaoese, and Natopian occupations of all or part of the country.

More seriously for Shireroth was the challenge posed by the comparatively young yet economically powerful realm of Passio-Corum which, via the influence it enjoyed on the USSO, seemed poised to rewrite the world economic order in its own favour. Although autarchic Shireroth was insulated from the worst of these economic shocks by its Benacian energy and mineral reserves and the free trade arrangements with allied and neutral states such as Natopia, Constancia, Caputia, and Raspur, the long term challenge posed by Passio-Corum was long-term and structural. In the words of the then Steward, Waldemar Zinkgraven, "where Jingbuism is a disease of the skin, the Cult of Superabundance is a disease of the heart".

This gave the War of Lost Brothers an ideological edge that went some way towards explaining its duration and its bitterness.

Up until 1654 Imperial propaganda had portrayed recent Benacian history as a procession of victories against federalists, monarchists, separatists, particularists, and schismatics, extending the sway of the Golden Mango Throne over two thirds of the Benacian continent.

By the end of this period however the Imperial Republic was increasingly butting up against the hard limits of its ability to project power beyond the bounds of its recently grasped borders. The former Minarborian Empire proved to be a graveyard for Imperial armies and expeditions, the cost of containing its rogue flora and fauna bordering upon the prohibitive, constraining Shirekeep to recognise, tolerate, and even occasionally cooperate with the recalcitrant and schismatic Kalgachi, who successfully clung to their mountain fastness and the rumoured chthonic realms beneath.

Similarly the strained relationship with Jingdao, having snapped and unleashed the global war of unprecedented scale, ferocity, and duration, settled once more into stalemate with little yielded in the way of a decision for all the cost endured in terms of the blood and treasure squandered during four years of conflict.

Most egregiously the so-called "Enterprise of Keltia", a cynical attempt to plunder an entire continent, had degenerated into a wretched debacle or piracy, libertinage, and fratricidal infighting that saw the invasion fleet fall apart before it had even finished assembling in the Warring Isles. The much anticipated clash of arms with Nova England was in the end an exchange of missiles and a cycle of reciprocal raiding, scarcely distinguished from the Keltian Cod War which had preceded it.

The debacle sealed the fate of Steward Burgrave Zinkgraven, the architect of the aggressive policy in the west, and precluded his even contemplating standing for re-election. Zinkgraven's misfortune was to have been born into the provincial - Batavian - gentry. Without the protection of a distinguished bloodline or a connection to the great houses there was no shelter to be had when the military and corporate patrons of his regime withdrew their favour. Ultimately he was reduced to a peripheral figure, sheltering with the Sea-Reavers who were his creatures, feuding with unpaid Babkhi mercenaries, and skulking in the Warring Isles, contriving every means short of open defiance to avoid heeding the summons to return to Shirekeep and account for his actions.

Yet for all this Shireroth emerged from the ordeal with its sovereignty enhanced, its alliances in-tact, and its trading networks expanded. This being in contrast to a Jingdao wracked by internal dissent and dependent upon the economic muscle of the Pallisican states to keep it on its feet.

Benacia's "graveyard of empires"

The aftermath of the war proved to be a difficult time for all the great powers, and this was as true in Shireroth as it was elsewhere in the world. With Zinkgraven cut lose to the wind, the appetite for overseas adventures amongst the Imperial Republic's ruling elites rapidly drained away. Yet they found that the war had left its mark upon Benacia also. The great battles of annihilation fought in the Shirerithian and Jingdaoese portions of the old Batavia had upended the status quo which had existed in that part of the world since the Auspicious Occasion. Batavians, joined by deserters from both armies, had formed into columns of unhappy myriads in flight eastwards away from the senseless destruction which tore through the heartland of that former kingdom. Blundering in their desperation to escape the horrors of war, these refugees rushed headlong into the no less diverting terrors that awaited in the treacherous landscape where nature itself had been warped by a perverted science into new and hideous forms of lethality.

Shireroth and Kalgachia, the long time hegemons of the Inner Benacian ungoverned spaces, found that they were no-longer alone in the exercise of dominion. Kasterburg was the first to arise - its character, determined by its Montford founder, was conservative and militaristic. Whilst jealous of its sovereignty, there was kinship enough for a treaty of friendship and cooperation to be agreed upon. The Batavians who followed Vryheer Baerdemans were another matter. The suspected taint of the Jing laid heavy upon him and his, but while they skirmished ineffectually with the Yehudi of Nackholm, no-one paid them much mind.

This changed as a steadily strengthening Kasterburg reached out to Kalgachia and together coordinated the advance of their forces to establish a land corridor with mutually agreed upon frontiers. Kasterburg gained access to a new inland market whilst Kalgachia ended, for the moment, its waking nightmare of encirclement by Shireroth.

It would have been pleasant to record that Shireroth reacted to this modest initiative on the part of its junior neighbours with equanimity. It did not. Instead the legions mustered, the gravimetric tanks wobbled improbably skywards, and the relentless bomber formations made sortie after sortie to level any and every structure that gave even the least hint of being man-made. For the free peoples of Inner Benacia, the wretched survivors of Minarboria's fall, this was the end - extermination or slavery beckoned. Yet even as the armoured fists of an Imperial Republic gripped by one of its periodic fits of hubris pounded down upon Highbloom, Nackholm, and Stonetree, the free peoples - Yehudi, Laqi, Tellian, and Mishalanski - found with what might have been their dying breath, the will to fight on. At Stonetree they made their stand. Stood before a ruined mausoleum, known to posterity simply as the Dolmen, they swore their pact to restore peace to their lands or perish in the attempt. It was perhaps their fortune to be facing Lywallers, reluctant conscripts to a cause not of their own chosing, rather than the blood-inured Imperials of the regular army, but it was a closest run thing, and the siege lasted into the fifth day when the first contingents of Yehudi fighters arrived on the heights overlooking the ruined and beleaguered city. Their arrival had been completely unexpected, the concurrent assault upon Nackholm was meant to have transfixed them to await their deaths besides their own hearths whilst the cordon of Kalgachi and Kasterburger garrisons ought to have arrest their progress eastwards. Yet here they were, and their arrival threw the exhausted Lywallers into confusion and rout. The fight went out of the besiegers and their flight southwards was a massacre that ended only when the vengeful pursuing Laqi ran up against the blocking detachments of marshals thoughtfully put in place to deal with deserters.

For Shireroth the defeat was a humiliation, coming at the same time as fresh international condemnation of their reckless aggression, it seemed as though the perennial project of subjugating all of Benacia was set for yet another of its periodic pauses.

The surviving members of the so-called Free Communes, scarcely believing their luck, found that, after the storm had broken about their heads, they held field. It was now for them to decide upon what to do with their unexpected gain. To allow the land to revert to its native anarchy would put at risk all that they had, by such momentous sacrifice, sought to gain. Instead, recalling their pact before the dolmen, they swore solemn oaths to govern wisely and collectively. As improbable as it might have seemed a new polity was born. It was not alone.

Espying the main chance, Vryheer Baerdemans gathered the paltry forces available to him - a scant militia backed by farmsteaders and cattle drovers - and set out on a brisk night march for Nackholm. With the Yehudi self-defence groups either exterminated by the Shirerithian onslaught or drawn eastwards to the famous battle at Stonetree, Nackholm had been denuded of defenders. Threading his way between legionary pickets, Baerdemans and his followers, stole into the bombed out ruins of northern Nackholm virtually unopposed and therein raised their banner and proclaimed in the ruins the founding of a new capital and the establishment of a new nation. When Shirekeep belatedly realised what was afoot their fury was unbounded - but it was almost too late. In spite of seven days and seven nights of aerial bombardment the blue and orange banner remained firmly nailed to the shattered casemate of the Yabotinsky Fortress.

The Octavian Interlude

From the reign of Kaiser Dominus to the fall of Waldemar Zinkgraven, the Imperial Forces had enjoyed an almost unlimited independence and freedom of action, becoming almost a state within a state. Following the carnage of the 1654-1657 War and the ebbing of territorial expansion the latitude afforded to the militarist factions and their ideological fellow travellers by the Imperial Court began to become more circumscribed. In spite of dominating the Folksraad, the N&H Party and its Imperial Republican Party allies were unable to prevent the noble houses in the Landsraad from aligning to install the Count-Palatine of Kezan as Steward for a second term.

Collapse of the Reformist movement

With the death of the Steward in a terrorist outrage, followed not long afterwards by the unexplained disappearance of the Imperial Mother from public life, the Humanist and Reformist camps in the Landsraad appeared to be poised once more for a renewal of civil war as the year 1663 drew towards its close.

The election of the Duke of Calezi, a pragmatic reformer with a power base in the comparatively liberal state of Brookshire, as Steward helped to stabilise this affair before matters degenerated further. The Prince of Modan and the Simrani-Kalirion faction, preoccupied with establishing their rule over the former domain of Malarboria, were not interested in a destabilising conflict with Kezan - which in turn had silently made its point to its opponents. An atmosphere of relative calm was restored in the Landsraad and the measures proposed by the moderate Minister Jahanbani to improve and regularise the conditions of various categories of unfree persons enjoyed a measure of cross-party and cross-faction support.

For the reformist diehards however, it appeared that a pattern had been established whereby the deep state, which leftists increasing came to refer to as a stratocracy, continued to exercise an effective veto over any attempt to change the fundamentally illiberal and inegalitarian character of the Imperial Republic, as such continuing to participate in the political processes of a regressive and repressive regime would only serve to burnish it with a patina of legitimacy that it ill deserved.

Manifestations of dissent began to multiply, including the emigration of the last vestiges of the safir community in Shireroth.

White Plague

Beginning in 1667 AN the White Plague,, a fungal blight fuelled by the aggressive consumption of human flesh, spread from Natopian colonies in southern Cibola along the trade routes of the western hemisphere to ports in Benacia and Tapfer. The populations of Brookshire, Goldshire, and Modan were particularly severely affected, putting the long term survival of the Imperial Republic into doubt for the first time in a century. The outbreak of the plague, following close on the heels of the death or disappearance of the majority of the leadership cadre of the Imperial Republic left Shireroth with a drifting government unable or unwilling to respond to the increasingly undeniable portents of doom. Whilst the Kaiser attempted to maintain normal court functions, the Kezanite Steward was elected to office unopposed by a Landsraad that had rapidly emptied as the stench of death wafted over Shirekeep, adding its sickly sweet scent to the cacophony of pungent aromas which habitually swirled around that ancient city.

Kalirion Fracture

And future generations of historians, looking back on the two-hundred and twenty-eight attested years of Shireroth's existence, marvelled not at its fall but at the fact that it had endured at all

—Marcus Rankin (Antiquarian), from "Commentaries on the Benacian Empires", New Eliria, Greater Alalaehzamini Republic 1880 AN

The map of all the areas that were once under Shirerian control in the centuries prior to the Fracture.

After the Kalirion Fracture, the remaining Shireroth is only a fraction of its former size. Since its foundation, Shireroth had many territories all over Micras, but never on the continents Cibola and Eura.

It should be noted that the rise and fall of Shireroth, as an imperial power of any consequence, encompassed a period of 228 years between 1443 AN and 1671 AN.

Although effectively reduced to its core territory of Brookshire, Shireroth was nonetheless able to effect the reconquest of the Guttuli Protectorate under the leadership of the Kaiserin Salome. Shireroth was a non-belligerent during the Second Elwynnese Civil War, a factor that, along with other minor disputes, led to a souring of relations between the Imperial Republic and the powers brought together at the Congress of Chryse.

In 1697, the Shirerithian and Free Elwynnese governments agreed to treat the territory under the effective jurisdiction of the Free Area of the Elwynnese Republic as part of the Shirerithian Customs Area on an informal level. In consequence of this, on 6.II.1698 AN, the suburbs of Shirekeep were shelled from the Elwynnese side of the frontier for the first time since 1644 AN.

The Salomeid Revival

Salome's long and prosperous reign marked a revival of the Imperial Republic after the disastruous Kalirion Fracture.

The Salomeid Revival refers to the period of Shireroth's history during the reign of Kaiseress Salome, which marked the definitive end of decline in Shirerothian power. During this time, Shireroth experienced a resurgence in stability, prosperity, and cultural development.

When Salome ascended to the throne, Shireroth was facing numerous challenges. The nation had suffered from internal divisions, economic difficulties, and the loss of territories due to breakaway Vulture States like Guttuli and Drak-Modan. Additionally, the value of the Erb, Shireroth's currency, was weak on the world markets. However, despite her young age - and thanks to the capable support of Steward Chrysostom Wythe - Salome's government showcased strong leadership and strategic thinking which enabled Shireroth to overcome these obstacles.

One of Salome's key achievements during the Salomeid Revival was the successful integration of the Laqi population of southern Benacia into Shireroth's military forces. She recruited the Laqs, who had previously been marginalized, into an organized military force and granted their leaders unprecedented levels of political and economic power. This strategy not only improved Shireroth's military capabilities but also fostered stability by reducing internal divisions.

As a result of this increased stability, Shireroth's economy began to recover. The reintegration of the Lower Elwynn and Modan regions provided Shireroth with a substantial and technologically-modern industrial base, enabling the nation to manufacture domestically-produced advanced weaponry. This boosted Shireroth's military strength, as well as improving the quality of life for many of its citizens.

The Treaty of Gaelen's Landing, signed in 1707 AN, marked another significant milestone during the Salomeid Revival. This treaty facilitated the peaceful reintegration of Greater Kildare into Shireroth, thereby tripling the size of the Imperial Republic and adding over 500 million new subjects to the Golden Mango Throne.

The Salomeid Revival also saw a revival of interest in ancient Apollontean and Shirerithian culture. New forms of Cedrism (already on the rise since the Council of Negrixnaht), infused with Tianchaodao, emerged in the eastern Duchies of Shireroth, reflecting the growing popularity of a new mix between east and west. This trend manifested in the arts, literature, and architecture, contributing to a vibrant cultural scene that added to Shireroth's prestige and appeal. Under Kaiseress Salome's guidance, Shireroth not only survived but flourished, setting the stage for future growth and prosperity.

In 1711 AN, the Treaty of Raynor's Keep was a historic agreement between Shireroth, Batavia, and Çakaristan, resulting in the integration of Batavia as the newest Dominion of Shireroth. This monumental accord significantly altered the geopolitical landscape of the region, bringing together two prominent nations under the Shirerithian umbrella.

Under the terms of the treaty, Batavia transferred its sovereignty to Shireroth, gaining the status of an Imperial Dominion. This expanded Shireroth's territory and included the westernmost portion of the Benacian continent and several oversea islands in Keltia, formerly belonging to the Batavian colonial empire. The incorporation of Batavia bolstered Shireroth's population by over 55 million new subjects, enhancing its political influence and resources.

Additionally, the Treaty of Raynor's Keep addressed specific agreements between the Houses of des Vinandy and Kalirion. This alignment fostered stronger ties between these influential families, promoting collaboration and regional stability.

Louis Thuylemans became a compromise candidate for the Stewardship as many were not ready to accept a Jingdaoese on the second most important position of the country.

In the aftermath of Shireroth's expansion and resurgence in power, conflicts with the Benacian Union started to emerge. Growing concerns regarding Benacian influence over Shirerithian society and politics became evident during the 1717 Shirerithian general elections and the 1723 Shirerithian general elections. The electoral wins of the Mango-Strengthening Movement, under the leadership of Steward Louis Thuylemans, indicated rising skepticism towards Benacian interference.

Determined to safeguard the interests of Shireroth, Steward Thuylemans embarked on a mission to reinforce the military forces and develop the nation's military-industrial complex. This buildup aimed to ensure that Shireroth would possess adequate defensive capabilities to counter potential armed conflicts initiated by the Benacians.

However, escalating tensions materialized in 1730 AN when the Sathrati Emergency unfolded on the Sathrati isles. Supported by the Benacian Union, the National Humanists played a role in fueling this crisis. Indirectly, this incident represented an indirect confrontation between Shireroth and the Benacian Union, raising the specter of war looming on the horizon.

Culture

Shireroth has been a multi-ethnic state for its entire existence and, since the decline of Cedrism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, has also become multi-confessional. In the 18th century, with the integration of Greater Kildare into Shireroth, the Cedrist faith regained importance.

Religion

Heaven laughs at us with contempt, whilst we labour in the dust and suffer through life in the name of their glory.

—Anon., "Common Shirerithian Sayings"

Cedrism

Cedrism is a polytheistic religion that originated in the region of Mirioth in the country of Shireroth. It is named after Cedris, an acolyte of the prophet Brrapa Lu'Eraro, who was the first to try to organize the faith's teachings and beliefs. Cedrism believes in a variety of gods, known as the Transcendi, who govern various aspects of life and the universe. These gods include Mors, the god of death; Viviantia, the goddess of life; Los, the god of justice; Sakat, the god of time; and Loki, the god of chaos, among many others.

Cedrism places a strong emphasis on the concepts of reincarnation, merit, and the Path of Transcendence. According to Cedrist beliefs, the immortal soul passes to a new vessel after death based on the merit earned in previous lives. Those who lead virtuous lives and perform good deeds for others are rewarded with eternal bliss in the Divine Realm, while those who commit evil acts are condemned to the demonic realm of Balgurd. Those who reject the teachings of Cedrism are fated to wander the Mortal Realm for eternity.

Cedrism has a complex hierarchy of priests and priestesses, led by the Kaiser, who serves as both political ruler and high priest of the faith. Below the Kaiser are the King of the Sacrifice and the Queen of the Sacrament, who lead the Cult of Mors and the Cult of Viviantia, respectively. Other important figures in the Cedrist hierarchy include the Imperial Vicars, who lead various cults dedicated to specific gods, and the Reverend Mother of the Cult of Sakat, who serves as an advisor to the Kaiser. In more recent times, the Heavenly Light has taken up the role of leading High Priest(ess) within Cedrism. One can, since the early 1710's, find a portrait of both the Kaiser and Heavenly Light next to each other in public buildings.

Recently, a new form of Cedrism has begun to spread throughout Shireroth and its surrounding lands. This new version of the faith combines traditional Cedrist beliefs with elements of Tianchaodao, a Jingdaoese folk religion that emphasizes ancestor veneration, filial piety, and the connection between the human experience and the natural world. This fusion of religions has proven popular among many Shirerithians, particularly those in the eastern Duchies of Greater Kildare and in the Kingdom of Batavia.

The combination of Cedrism and Tianchaodao has resulted in a number of changes to traditional Cedrist practices and beliefs. Ancestor veneration, for example, has become an increasingly important part of Cedrist worship, with many families setting up shrines to their ancestors in their homes and offering food, drink, and incense to them as offerings. The concept of filial piety, or respect for one's elders and ancestors, has also been incorporated into Cedrist teachings, with many believers placing a strong emphasis on family values and loyalty.

Additionally, the new form of Cedrism places a greater emphasis on the connection between humans and the natural world. Many practitioners of this new faith view the natural world as a reflection of the divine, and see their role as caretakers of the Earth and its resources. This has led to a growing interest in environmental conservation and sustainability among Cedrists, as well as a renewed appreciation for the beauty and wonder of the natural world.

Despite these changes, the core beliefs of Cedrism remain largely intact. The worship of the Transcendi, the pursuit of piety and virtue, and the striving for transcendence in the afterlife are still central tenets of the faith. However, the incorporation of Tianchaodao elements has added a new dimension to Cedrism, one that emphasizes the importance of community, family, and the natural world. As this new form of Cedrism continues to grow and evolve, it is likely that it will continue to shape and be shaped by the cultures and traditions of the people who practice it.

Holodomatic School

The Holodomatic School is a religious and philosophical movement based in the County Palatine of Kezan in Shireroth. It is rooted in the Kaikian Antican Tradition and has been influenced by other Antican traditions such as Providentialism and Aryasht, as well as the Church of Elwynn. The school's doctrine centers around the idea of Immanent Spirits, or κηρ, which includes the Holy Ones and the spirits of people, places, and objects.

The Holodomatic School teaches that the Holy Ones are simply a part of the finite universe and that there are two types of truth: Momentarily True and Eternally True. The school believes in the ultimate oneness of the Cosmos and the eventual withdrawal of Holy Wisdom, leading to the rebirth of the finite world. The school encourages the use of spiritual exercises to achieve tranquility, cooperation, and union with the divine. There are several ranks of initiation within the school, including Syndomate, Zonophore, and Master or Treasury Keeper. The Mother Nome, located in the Omholt Hamlet of Azeley Ward, Honour of Parini, serves as the spiritual and educational hub of the school.

Neofeudalism

Neofeudalism is a term used to describe the phenomena of collectivist-oligarchic rule that emerged in the Imperial Republic following the Auspicious Occasion of 1651, effectively replacing the fractious federative system of governance, where constitutional checks and balances were maintained by the entrenchment of the rights of states, with a new synthesis of familial, corporate and military power directed by numerous diffuse boards of control centrally coordinated by the Imperial Advisory Council, whose powers were further entrenched at the expense of those formerly held by the Kaiser, following the revision and reissue of the Charter in 1653.

As neofeudalism became more entrenched during the administration of Burgrave Zinkgraven the key ministries of state were handed to corporations to hold "in-commission". These corporations were in turn primarily owned by the surviving members of the ancient noble houses and the more recently ennobled minor gentry, the so-called untitled lords, to whom the privileges of citizenship, the prospect of a seat on the Landsraad for instance, accrued. This process made citizens stakeholders in the state but also held out to denizens the prospect of advancement through service as technocrats in the institutions of state and the corporate bodies.

The fate of the denizen is also instructive of the nature of the neofeudal society. Although elevation through service was an avenue of advancement for the able, those who, for whatever reason, were unable to sustain themselves through their own endeavour could voluntarily subordinate themselves by a declaration of submission whereby the denizen would become His Majesty's Loyal Subject and receive guaranteed protection and employment, whether from the state directly or through a noble house or corporation at the cost of surrendering theoretical liberty. Such a submission was by no means dishonourable, indeed all recruits to the ranks of the Imperial Forces by their nature became His Majesty's Loyal Subjects and gain status subsequently through promotion through the ranks.

By contrast Community Service Workers did indeed endure the conditions commonly associated with Old Feudalism. Originally the condemned survivors of the Storish community in Shireroth, the male population was viciously and systematically castrated (testing certain theories about the regenerative potential of so-called Vanakarls) and assigned to expropriate their guilt through labour in the mines, factories, farms and lumber yards of Benacia whilst the females of breeding age were distributed as comfort women throughout the armed forces. By these means, and through emigration and natural wastage, the Storish population was systematically reduced over time, with active measures targeted against them scheduled to endure until the year 1752 AN. The perforce ethnically mixed off-spring of Community Service Workers were typically removed from the mother at birth, aside from their dubious ancestral culture, the Vanafolk were assessed as possessing many genetically desirable traits, and made wards of the Kaiser. Male offspring in the first two generations would be castrated and returned to the Community Service Programme, females of desirable qualities would be adopted into noble households, and the remainder would be raised and educated at the expense of the state with the expectation that they would redeem the cost of their upkeep through work in various public institutions.

Militarism

The origins of Shirerithian militarism can be traced as far back as the Jaris War (1503–1508 AN) but that conflict was most notable for the failure of the Shirerithian feudal host to effectively mobilise and exercise efficient command and control over the disparate yet quantitatively superior force which mustered to the banners to oppose the Babkhan-led Grand Commonwealth forces.

For the greater part of its history the Imperial Republic was noted for the fractiousness and rebelliousness of its nobility, and this even extended to the forces which the Imperial Government mustered in its own defence - to the extent that the Kaiser's own bodyguard became famous for its indiscipline and laxity occasioning the assassination of at least one Kaiser. For the greater part of the 16th Century, with the sole exception of the Imperial Navy, the quality and quantity of the Imperial Forces diminished appreciably over time as the old feudal structure gave way to a federal system where the emergent states had primary responsibility under the martial code for their own defence and security. Working in the Ministry of Military Affairs was consequently seen as a thankless and unrewarding task, frequently left to the most debased and inadequate functionaries available - including a blatant Jing double-agent and a dysfunctional revenant. Even the more than usually competent Balârak Âlaion would eventually succumb to insanity (and brassicosis) and perish miserably in an attempt to seize the Imperial throne.

What changed this situation was, after the loss of Kildare in 1617 and the humiliation of defeat at the hands of an over-mighty vassal in 1635, a growing movement to recover the diminished primacy of the metropolis over the provinces and to restore the Imperial Republic's position as a great power.

Beginning with the ministry of Thorgils Tarjeisson in 1636, a succession of MoMAs oversaw a period of massive expansion and rearmament in the Imperial Forces, the Martial Code was amended to establish an Imperial Army - ending the Kaiser's dependence upon state militias - and from 1646 onward the annual defence budget accounted for 40% of government expenditure. With this colossal expansion, defence contractors such as the ESB Group, Red Bear LLC, and RAS, achieved incomes that would have been unimaginable a decade earlier. Suitably engorged, these companies had no incentive to relinquish the teat of government expenditure and quickly came to an understanding with the political movements most sympathetic to their world view. In this manner a military-industrial complex was born that has sometimes been observed to be acting almost independently of the governing structures to which it was nominally subordinate. Between the Sxiro-Jingdaoese Confrontation and the Benacian Reconquest there continues to be no end to the justifications which can be found for continuing military expenditure at eye-watering levels, for the frontier will never be so secure that the occasion will never call for a punitive expedition. Taxation and Imperial highhandedness continues also to generate resentments amongst the populace, particularly amongst denizens (the limited franchise free populace who make up almost three quarters of the Shirerithian population), driving in turn a seemingly never ending cycle of provincial rebellion and societal unrest which the Imperial Forces seem to gamely regard as training opportunities during the lulls in the external cycle of great power warfare.

Economy

Main Article: Economy of Shireroth

"In 1490 AN ten Erb would have been sufficient to finance the purchase of a Shirekeep townhouse, while in 1690 AN ten Erb would not have even covered the cost of a tile with which to fix the roof."

— Procopious Valens,  "An Economic History of Benacia from Khaz Modan to the Fracture" (Musica, Duchy of the Guttuli 1690 AN)

Infrastructure

Electronic Communications

In 1652 AN, the totality of all viable communications technologies operated within the Imperial Republic were consolidated into a single intranet based electronic system, the Benacian Data Network, a successor to the earlier Elwnet operated by the Elwynnese state dating back to the independence era. As such there are no domestic television services in the regularly understood sense of the term, no interface permitting connection to any wider global communications network, and the only radio stations in operation exist primarily for the purpose of broadcasting propaganda and electromagnetic interference into neighbouring states. In consequence the radio and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in the Benacian continent remain overwhelmingly the preserve of the Shirerithian Imperial Government and its favoured corporate partners, reserved for their use accordingly.

Both electronic and physical communication systems are under the control of the Imperial Postal Service. Residents and visitors to Shireroth must apply for a licence to send and receive correspondence.

Imperial Highways and Roads

It has often been said in jest that the condition of the roads in the Imperial Republic were what gave the greatest impetus to the discovery and commercialisation of gravimetric levitation.

The roads of Shireroth are generally considered to be poor in quality and maintenance, particularly the further away from the Eastern Benacian Core (Eliria-Ardashirshahr-Shirekeep-Musica) one goes. Such inter-state routes as do exist are however maintained to a reasonable standard by the Imperial Highways Commission (IHC). For the most part the roads that fall below the purview of the IHC tend to become the responsibility of whichever tier of local government is least unwilling to pick up the cost. This has resulted in a patchwork of non-standard metalled and unmetalled roads, punctuated at irregular yet frequent intervals by tollposts operated by a myriad of authorities with ever shakier legal remits. Along the backwoods roads, maintenance - which consists often of a chain-gang of community servants heaping and pounding earth before laying a crude layer of gravel - is paid for by extortionate tolls levelled by almost literal robber barons.

Railways

The concept of an integrated railway network collapsed altogether following the disintegration of the Imperial Republic into quasi-independent states during the early 1600s.

There have been periodic talks concerning the revival of the eastern Benacian inter-city services, whilst Steward Dravot championed the construction of a Trans-Benacian Railway to link Shireroth's conquests in the far west to the Imperial Metropolis. These projects ultimately failed owing to a lack of investment.

In the early 1660s the Trans-Benacian Railway, or Transben as it is sometimes affectionately known, has become a project championed by the King of Goldshire. The project however became mired in a myriad of disputes about costs, destinations, the routes to be taken or avoided, and the technologies to be utilised. As if this was not a sufficient impediment to progress, the Imperial Government subsequently became bogged down in factional fighting between Humanist and Ayreonists that blossomed into a civil war in Elwynn.

Localised rail networks may still exist where a local authority, government agency, or corporation acted of their own initiative. Standardising the gauges of these local railways will be a major headache when integration and expansion does finally occur. The art of the railway timetable has been largely lost on Benacia, and trains tend to operate as almost as convoys departing on a given day rather than a regularly scheduled service. The services, siege trains as they are some times known, comprised of passenger carriages and cargo wagons lashed together to an armoured train sporting some antique artillery piece, provided with an armed escort of Imperial Marshals and Cudgellers. The reasons for these armed escorts vary - in Western Benacia they serve to ward off Batavian guerrillas, whilst in Central Benacia the armoured trains are meant to afford some measure of scant protection against the unwanted advances of the invariably ravenous or lust-maddened Tee-als, Southern Benacia has experienced a revival in Laqi brigandry, whilst trains travelling into southern Elwynn frequently run afoul of the Babkhi proclivity for home-brewing nitroglycerine.

The most recent new railway construction occurred in Goldshire during the late 1650s as the King of Goldshire, famously paranoid, emptied the treasuries of his realm to build a vast anti-invasion defensive wall along the entirety of his coastline. This major engineering feet, requiring the services of millions of his subjects, necessitated the construction of a series of railway lines running parallel to the course of the defensive barriers for the purposes of shipping construction materials, personnel, and stores, along its entire length.

Air travel

Airports (aerodromes) are few, mostly reserved for citizens and visiting foreigners, the main example of which being Shirekeep-Foley Aerodrome, the main air hub for Shirekeep and the primary international airport in the Imperial Republic. Rather more common are the airship and gravship terminals (Lufthavens) which form the primary inter-city connection service in Eastern Benacia, based around the Goldshire-centric network maintained by Ryker Airships. Gravship services connect neutral Senya with the Imperial States of Elwynn and Goldshire. Following the end of the latest global conflict there is at last potential scope to contemplate reviving regular scheduled air services to destinations in Natopia, Constancia, Caputia, & Hoenn.

There has been some debate as to whether Shireroth's infamous gravtanks, approaching nearly 25 years in service in some instances, might be disarmed and retired into the business of hauling cargo. Such proposals run up against the famed reluctance of the Imperial Forces to relinquish any even vaguely serviceable equipment until the very moment that it literally falls apart.

Travel restrictions

The traditional port of disembarkation for foreigners is the free-port of Musica in Brookshire. Chartered river services, either to the airship terminal at Meisor or alternatively along the full length of the Red Elwynn, are the most efficient method of reaching the capital from there. In general, riverine and coastal shipping services are a cost efficient method of moving between the major cities.

The land borders of the Imperial Republic remain closed and under quarantine. The only exceptions are the international borders with Tellia (including the Tellian Mandate) and the Sxiro-Kalgachi Designated Exchanges Point on the common frontier. Unpleasant consequences attend upon those attempting to enter Shireroth overland from the ungoverned spaces of inner Benacia.

After smugglers, the most persistent violators of the Imperial Republic's strict border regime are the Voortrekkers, Batavians moving out of Imperial territory into the ungoverned spaces. Although generally tolerated, politely but firmly turned around by the Imperial Marshals if caught in the act of staging an illegal crossing, since relations or at the very least dialogue was established with Kasterburg and the Batavian national movement, the foolhardly Voortrekkers who had passed through the territory of the Military Government of Westpoint in an effort to reach the Fort Ermingander pocket were made a severe example of after their presence was discovered.

Education and academia

No formal universal education system exists in the Imperial Republic, leaving education to be the responsibility of the Imperial States, Imperial Dominions, local governments, guilds, private institutions and charitable enterprises. The level of provision, and the adequacy of education provided, can vary dramatically from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, depending on the capacity and initiative of the myriad of governing entities in the Imperial Republic's sprawling neo-feudal edifice.

In the year 1663 it was been estimated that there were 215.5 million Shirerithians between the ages of 5 and 15 (approximately 38% of the population) undergoing or expected to undergo an education.

• Apprenticeships: 109.2 million
• Not in Education, Employment or Training: 50 million
• Charitable/Religious Schools: 26.9 million
• Local Authority Schools: 15.7 million
• Guild Schools: 9.2 million
• Military & Community Service Schools: 4.50 million

The various apprenticeship schemes operated in Shireroth vary in scale from employment with the local village baker or cobbler all the way up to the National Service scheme in Goldshire, reputedly the largest apprenticeship programme in Benacia if not in all of Micras, which combines five years of military service[2] (ages 17–22) and rigorous schooling in Praeta[3], the revived language of empire and faith without which societal and career advancement in the modern Imperial Republic is increasingly impossible.

Although packs of feral urchins had been one of the great plagues of Benacia for centuries, the realisation that up to fifty million children were avoiding schooling, apprenticeships, or labour altogether, constituted a great scandal, shocking to National-Humanists and Reformists alike. Proposals for the establishment of a continent wide network of Foundation Schools, paid for by a poll tax levied upon denizens, were swiftly advanced to the Imperial Advisory Council in the 11th month of 1663.

Paradoxically, Shireroth was well served with an abundant, perhaps almost excessive, number of universities, including a great number established in Elwynn. Alongside the Elwynnese institutions the Metzler University in Shirekeep and the University of Goldshire in Wendor are the foremost, although the Imperial Academy and the Royal University of Chryste are also considered to be rising institutions. It has been said by some that the comparative vibrancy of Shirerithian higher education owed more to the vanity of its rulers, and their desire for honorary degrees, than to their farsightedness or philanthropic spirit.

In spite of once being home to reputable academic institutions, the cities of Nackholm, Sansabury and &zeter, are presently without universities on account of the disasters which befell Inner Benacia during its recent history. In spite of this, the ruins continue to attract teams of academics in their scores, and it is likely that these congregations of enquiring minds, combined with a dollop of state and corporate patronage, may yet lead to a revival of academia in what is now the State of Modan.

Literacy rates vary dramatically according to class, race, and gender, but by the barest universal measurement - being able to write their own name and recite from text a verse in praise of the Kaiser - 77% of male denizens, along with 69% of their female counterparts, are defined as "literate" by the Ministry of the Interior.

Demographics

The Shirerithian population is distributed unevenly into the following categories: 1% citizens, 82% denizens, 9% in loyal subjecthood, and 11% in community servitude.

Citizens (Nobles)

Citizens constitute the nobility and are the highest echelon of Shirerithian society. Nobles are either titled or untitled. If a person is a legitimate child of a noble, then he or she will be a noble too.

Titled nobles

Titled nobility, also known as peerage, is the earliest and highest form of nobility in Shireroth. Each titled noble has a noble title in zir own right, for example Count of X. Equal spouses of a noble have the right to a courtesy title of the same rank as zir spouse. For example, the Count of Yardistan's wife would be titled Countess of Yardistan. Inheritance of a noble title is done according to the rules stipulated when the title was created. Certain noble titles are held for life, others are inherited according to primogeniture, some even by illegitimate children, etc.

There is an internal rank among the titled nobles, which is:

1. Kaiser or Kaiseress
2. Prince or Princess
3. Duke or Duchess
4. Marquess or Marchioness
5. Count or Countess
6. Viscount or Viscountess
7. Baron or Baroness*
8. Lord in Shirekeep or Lady in Shirekeep
9. Lord in Service or Lady in Service**

• Barons are unique in Shirerithian law as they hold Shirerithian nobility but not citizenship. Should they become citizens, they will automatically be upgrades to Viscounts

• • A lord or lady in service is a denizen who derives a noble dignity from a certain office. Rarely used outside the armed forces where it even is possible to be an indentured servant yet remain a lord in service.

Untitled nobles

Untitled nobles make up the vast majority of persons of noble dignity. They hold no titles of their own but are styled Lord or Lady as appropriate.

Privileges of nobility

Privileges of the nobility include:

1. The right to own the care of community servants and loyal subjects of the Kaiser
2. (also includes the rights denizens have)
3. Right to contract concubines and courtesans
4. Right to priority service in public establishments and the imperial bureaucracy
5. Right to vote in local elections and to Adelsraad
6. Right to access "citizens-only" establishments and areas
7. Right to own community servants
8. Right to hold care of loyal subjects
9. Right for each household acquire care-hold over 10 loyal subjects (without charge)
10. Right to acquire, without charge, 5 community servants.
11. Right to travel abroad
12. Right to house arrest in case of a custodial sentence
13. Right to own and eat hovercats

Denizens

Denizens, the free folk of Shireroth, constitute the majority.

They hold the following rights::

1. Right to marriage (same-sex & opposite-sex)
2. Right to own immoveable and moveable property

3. Right to use marijuana, caffeine and alcohol
4. Right to enter contracts
5. Right to enter loyal subjecthood.
6. Right to vote in local elections and to the Folksraad
7. Right to travel abroad
8. If convicted to a custodial sentence, the right to choose community servitude instead
9. Right to own farm animals as well as pets

Loyal Subjects of the Kaiser

Loyal Subject of the Kaiser is the highest form of indentured servitude in Shireroth. It is a contractual relationship between a denizen and a citizen in which the contract governs the relation between them. It is usually a time-defined relationship but many contracts are for life.

They hold the following rights:

1. Right to own moveable property (up to 25 kg in a 1 cubic half-metre container)
2. Right to enter contracts with the permission of the careholder
3. Right to 10 hours of rest every period of 24 hours, of which 8 hours consecutively.
4. Right to clothing, food, drink
5. Right to 1 day free of labour and service every month
6. Right to not be physically injured outside punishment (and then only proportionate to the disobedience)
7. Children born in loyal subjecthood have the right of denizenship upon their age of majority
8. Right to have 5 days notice before transfer of care to another noble
9. Right of petition to their noble
10. Right of appeal to ombudsman

Community servitude

Persons in community servitude form the lower form of indentured servants. They are widely regarded and termed "slaves" by the wider society. They are considered to be of the same rank and rights as livestock, which include:

1. Right to respect for their rank
2. Right to sufficient food and sleep for their needs
3. Right to avoid sadistic torture

But unlike animal livestock, they have the following extra rights:

1. Right of petition to their noble
2. Right of appeal to ombudsman

Except for violating the above rights, the owner (who is always a noble) of a community servant may do whatever he or she wants with the community servant. Often, nobles will rent out the labour of a community servant to factories, farms, etc.

Protected persons

Protected persons are an illusive group of people in Shireroth. They are held outside of normal society for their own protection. They have a right to full anonymity and the right to be protected from persecution.

Foreigners

Foreigners who enter Shireroth legally have:

1. Right to apply for asylum (Imperial Decree 713)
2. Right to protection under the law
3. Right to apply for denizenship and citizenship in Shireroth
4. Right to respect under their rank (includes the rights afforded their equivalent Shirerithian rank, i.e. noble foreigners have the right nobles have)

Foreigners who enter Shireroth illegally are categorized as either community servants or protected persons (the latter category if they claim asylum under Imperial Decree 713).

Birthrate and mortality

It should be noted that Shireroth, unusually for an industrialised empire, manages to combine the advantages of a high birth rate with a high mortality rate, particularly amongst the lower orders. Its system of governance, which limits the democratic rights of the majority of the population to participation in the lower tiers of local government and voting for the largely powerless Folksraad, avoids the welfare trap which liberal democratic societies are so often prone to falling into. There are those who would maintain that this situation, which in many other societies might be regarded as calamitous, is setting the scene for an outbreak of revolutionary violence. Sages however note that "where people toil from sunrise to sunset for a bare living, they nurse no grievances and dream no dreams". In spite of there being almost always an uprising or rebellion ongoing somewhere in Shireroth, the conditions for a revolutionary upheaval remains unfulfilled so long as the military, backed by the nobility and corporations united in self-interest, remains overwhelmingly powerful.

The Shirerithian societal model is driven by a low marriage age - the age of majority is 15 years, and a high rate of fertility within marriage. The burden of caring for the elderly, particularly those who lack the means to pay for their own upkeep, falls primarily on families, religious communities, and those local governments which feel inclined or obliged to make provision. Provision for the elderly can vary from dedicated care homes to workhouses where the decrepit earn their daily bread and tea through picking strands of hemp and other menial tasks. A study of a cohort of denizens taken in 1662 on the island of Amity showed that out of 100 boys born in 1600 AN, 85 survived to 22, 74 to 32, 58 to 42, 47 to 52 and 36 to 62. For girls the corresponding percentages were 73, 54, 47, 39 and 28.

Aside from the notorious situation in Shirekeep during the decades following the "Green Mortality" of 1602, most urban population centres have benefited from the introduction of modern or at least quasi-modern sanitation systems over the course of the 17th Century. For this reason, cholera and typhoid fever, the curses of Benacia during the 15th and 16th Centuries, have largely abated.

Changing tides

After the Kalirion Fracture, when community servitude and loyal subjecthood more or less vanished from the "new Shirerithian states" (Sanama, UGB, SC, Elwynn, West Amokolia; Sathrati remaining an exception) without far too much societal upheaval, there were calls for a similar rearrangement in Shireroth. As unemployment among denizens increased, many denizens experienced how zero-wage "slaves" took on more and more skilled jobs in the labour market. Unions began crying for an end of slave employment in workplaces – and the government did listen. Rather than freeing the already-made slaves, they were silently removed in larger numbers and sent to Eura and the Norse wilderness for infrastructure projects. The transition is, as of 1678, still in progress, and one may still find a plentiful of slaves in Shireroth, especially in the households of the nobility and in some farms, but fewer slaves are found in urban workplaces.

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