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Scattered Frontier Phineaner: Difference between revisions

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{{Phinbellan article}}{{Language
{{Phinbellan article}}{{WIP}}{{Language
| Name= Scattered Frontier Malay
| Name= Scattered Frontier Phineaner
|NativeName    = Bahasa Melayu Scattered Frontier<br>{{nobold|Bahasa Melayu Frontier Romande}}<br>{{nobold|Netherlands Antilles Creole Malay}}<br>{{nobold|Japanese Bamboo Malay}}
|NativeName    = Bahasa Phineaner Scattered Frontier
| altname = Bahasa Phineaner Frontier Romande<br>Bamboo Phineaner
| Pronunciation=  
| Pronunciation=  
| NationSpoken= [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]], few villages in [[Rintis Islands]], [[Cyborges]], [[Politama]], [[Boninki Islands]] and [[Springwind Islands]], and the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|SSS islands]] [[wikipedia:diaspora|diaspora]]
| NationSpoken= {{Team flag|Oriental Taemhwan|flag}} [[Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki Islands|Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]], few villages in [[Rintis Islands]], [[Cyborges]], [[Politama]], [[Boninki Islands]], [[Providenciales Bonin Islands and Seberang Pyojin]] and [[Springwind Islands]], and the [[Scattered Islands]] and [[Territory of Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki|SSS islands]] [[wikipedia:diaspora|diaspora]]
| Speakers= 611,000
| Speakers= 611,000
|LangFamily     = [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Malay]]-[[wikipedia:Malay trade and creole languages|based creole]]
| ethnicity        = {{unbulleted list|
*[[Scattered Frontier Malay]]
|[[Scattered Islands Frontier Creole]]
}}
|fam1    = Creole
|fam2     = [[Oranje Phineaner|Oranje]]/[[Taemhwanian Phineaner|Taemhwanian]]-[[wikipedia:Malay trade and creole languages|based creole]]
| WritingSystem= Latin
| WritingSystem= Latin
|Source        = [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Malay]], [[wikipedia:Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese]], [[wikipedia:ms:Bahasa Melayu Terengganu#Dialek Hulu Terengganu|Inland Terengganuan]], [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]], [[wikipedia:Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese Hokkien]], [[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sangunese language|Sangunese]], [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]]
|dia1=Tromelinese
|dia2=Geyserite-Eurekan
|dia3=Thomian
|dia4=Terre Adélie
|dia5=Sabakian
|dia6=Saint Martin
|dia7=Eustakian
|dia8=Toyoharan
|Source        = [[Oranje Phineaner]], [[Taemhwanian Phineaner]], [[wikipedia:ms:Bahasa Melayu Terengganu#Dialek Hulu Terengganu|Inland Terengganuan]], [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]], [[wikipedia:Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese Hokkien]], [[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sangunese language|Sangunese]], [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]]
| NationOfficial= [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]]; also statutory status in TFSA as one of the languages for public transport announcements and for the naturalisation test
| NationOfficial= [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]]; also statutory status in TFSA as one of the languages for public transport announcements and for the naturalisation test
| LangRegulator= [[Ministry of Education in Republic of Oriental Hispanioéire Srieapska, Saint John, Rhodes and Ducie]] and relevant NGOs in [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]] and [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]]
| LangRegulator= [[Ministry of Education in Republic of Oriental Hispanioéire Srieapska, Saint John, Rhodes and Ducie]] and relevant NGOs in [[Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki]] and [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands]]
}}
}}
'''Scattered Frontier Malay''', or '''Scattered Frontier Creole Malay''', is an [[wikipedia:Malay trade and creole languages|Malay-based]] [[wikipedia:creole|creole]] and the spoken language of the [[Scattered Islands Frontier Creole|Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people]] consisting of several varieties spoken in the [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]] and surrounding, where it is known as '''Saban Malay''', '''Saint Martin Malay''', and '''Statian Malay''', respectively. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.
'''Scattered Frontier Phineaner''', also known as '''Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner''', '''Frontier Romande Phineaner''' or '''Bamboo Phineaner''' is an [[Oranje Phineaner]]-based creole and is the spoken language of the inhabitants of the [[Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]], and [[Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki Islands]], where they are known as '''Spitsbergen Phineaner''', '''Saint Martin Phineaner''' and '''Eustakian Phineaner''', respectively. It is the mother tongue of the [[Scattered Islands Frontier Creole]] community of about 1 million speakers.


The term "Scattered Frontier Creole Malay" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and is rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known by the term dialect, as the creole is often perceived by locals as a dialect variety of Malay instead of an Malay creole language. However, academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an Malay creole language.
The term "Scattered Frontier Phineaner" is not a formal term as most people use this term, it is likely that most academics or linguists use the term "Bamboo Phineaner" or "Scatered Islands Phineaner". It is possible that some of its speakers regard this creole as a dialect, and some even regard it as a pidgin. It was first exported to parts of the [[Tri-State Area]], [[Dinding Island]] including [[Providenciales Bonin Islands and Seberang Pyojin|Providenciales]], [[Plazas de Irian]], [[Cyborges]] and [[Rintis Island]] as well as remote islands in the {{RP|2014}}s by migrants who came there, and it was used as a home speech only.


Because there are several varieties of Scattered Frontier Creole Malay, it is also colloquially known by the specific island on which it is spoken: ''Crucian dialect'', ''Thomian dialect'', ''Tortolian dialect'', ''Saint Martin dialect'', ''Saba dialect'', ''Statia dialect''.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner is one of the most popular informal languages ​​in contemporary [[Phinbellan culture]], it is used as the basis of slang in all three autonomous territorial units or in [[Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan]], and is commonly used in [[TC-pop]] songs, local animation, [[Creole dramas]] and [[Télérōman]].


Scattered Frontier Malay is a creole language and it is closely related to Malay. Scattered Frontier Creole Malay has large amounts of [[wikipedia:Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese Hokkien]], [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]], [[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sangunese language|Sangunese]], [[wikipedia:Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]], [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Malay]], [[wikipedia:ms:Bahasa Melayu Terengganu#Dialek Hulu Terengganu|Inland Terengganuan Malay]] and [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]] loanwords. It replaced the earlier Portuguese creole of [[Kéijō]], [[Marudaikō]]. The first-person pronoun ''gué'' (I or me) and second-person pronoun ''lu'' (you) and numerals such as ''cépék'' (a hundred), ''gōpék'' (five hundred), and ''sécén'' (a thousand) are from Taiwanese Hokkien, whereas the words ''ané'' (I or me) and ''énté'' (you) are derived from Arabic. Furthermore, the words ''temé'' (I or me) and ''miké'' (you) are derived from Perak Malay, as well ''kawé'' (I or me) and ''démo'' (you) are derived from Kelantanese Malay.
There are distinctive [[Wikipedia:Phonetic|phonetic]], [[Wikipedia:Syntax|syntactic]] and [[Wikipedia:Lexicon|lexical]] differences in this Scattered Frontier creole, even more subtle than other Phineaner accents or creoles. Scattered Frontier Phineaner is divided into ten types of dialects, they are also known colloquially by certain areas where they are spoken: namely ''Tromelinese dialect'', ''Geyserite-Eurekan dialect'', ''Thomian dialect'', ''Terre Adélie dialect'', ''Sabakian dialect'', ''Saint Martin dialect'', ''Eustakian dialect'' and ''Toyoharan dialect''. Colloquial Kéijō Phineaner, is a vernacular form of the Taemhwanian dialect that has spread from Kéijō to parts of the Rōmande region, a small part of Oriental Taemhwan and some small parts of the [[Free area of the Federation]] especially in [[Orange Free State]], and replaced the existing Taemhwanian sub-dialect and Oranje sub-dialect, have their roots in the Scattered Frontier Phineaner.


Scattered Frontier Creole Malay is a popular informal language in contemporary [[Oriental Taemhwan]], used as the base of [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Central Perak slang]] and commonly spoken in Taemhwanian TV soap operas. Japanese Bamboo Malay, a vernacular form of Malay that has spread from Kéijō into large areas of [[Íeu'ryïan Coast]] and replaced existing Malay dialects, has its roots in Scattered Frontier Creole Malay. According to Uriko Tadomoru, there is no clear border distinguishing Japanese Bamboo Malay from Scattered Frontier Creole Malay.
==Background==
==History==
[[File:Map of the most commonly used home language in ROHS.png|300px|thumb|left|Distribution map of languages spoken in [[Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan]]. Scattered Frontier Creole language spoken in and around [[Rōmandé area]] (aqua blue) is traditionally registered as Phineaner along with [[Taemhwanian Phineaner]] (red).]]Many consider this creole to be a [[Wikipedia:Malay language|Phineaner]] dialect, while some consider it to be an evolved creole. These creoles were formed when the [[Wikipedia:Westerner|Westerner]] community and the slave class were respectively unable to communicate with each other especially with the [[Taemhwanian Phineaners]], [[Oranje Phineaners]] or other bumiputera and Sangunese communities. It is believed to have resulted from a cultural mixing between Phineaners, slaves and Westerners, and created a [[Wikipedia:Malay trade and creole language|Phineaner-based pidgin]], with a mixture of words from the [[Taemhwanian-Barbarite Phineaner|Taemhwanian]] and [[Oranje Phineaner|Oranje]] dialects, and loanwords of Westerners and Sangunese, as well as little [[Common Tongue]] grammatical structure and Sangunese. It was creolized even though it incorporated elements of [[Wikipedia:Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Wikipedia:Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Wikipedia:Batak language|Batak]] or Mandailing, [[Wikipedia:Banjarese language|Banjarese]], [[Wikipedia:Balinese language|Balinese]] and [[Wikipedia:Buginese language|Bugis]], and subsequently passed down to the next generation as their mother tongue.
The creole was formed when [[wikipedia:Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]], [[wikipedia:Kelantanese Malay people|Kelantanese]], [[wikipedia:Perakian Malay people|Perakian]], [[wikipedia:Moluccans|Moluccans]], [[wikipedia:Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Isleños in Oriental Taemhwan|Isleños]] and [[wikipedia:Betawi people|Betawi]] immigrants unable to communicate with each other and their Euronesian owners due to being taken from different regions with different languages, created an [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Malay]]-based pidgin with [[wikipedia:Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Malay]], [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]] and [[Sangunese language|Sangunese]]-derived words and grammatical structure. This was creolized as it was passed on to subsequent generations as their native tongue.


[[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]], although Creole settlements, had a European population of mainly [[wikipedia:Irish people|Irish]], [[wikipedia:French people|French]], and [[wikipedia:Dutch people|Batavian]] origin, which led to [[Taemhwaners]] first creating a French-based creole, known as ''[[Negerhullands]]'' (now considered a dead language, although there may be a few who recall some of the vocabulary and may have passed it down to the next generation). Negerhullands was in mainstream usage on [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]] up until the 19th century, when the Phinbella occupied the [[Íeu'ryïan Coast]] from {{AN|1650}} to {{AN|1656}} and {{AN|1667}} to {{AN|1674}}. In addition, as Malay became preferred as a trade and business language in the busy port of [[Charlotte Amalie]], Scattered Frontier Creole Malay became established in preference to Negerhullands. Some of the population continued to use Negerhullands well into the AN19th century.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner has a large number of [[Wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Wikipedia:Hokkien language|Hokkien]], [[Wikipedia:Arabic language|Arboric]], [[Common Tongue]], [[Wikipedia:Japanese language|Sangunese]], [[Wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]], [[Wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], Isleños, [[Wikipedia:French language|Alexandrian]] loanwords. It was spoken along with a Sangunese-based creole, [[Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area Creole Sangunese|Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area Creole]], and replaced a Batavian-based creole.


Unlike the continental European population of the other West Indian islands, that of [[Bassas da Íeu'ryïan]] was mostly of [[Hoennese people|Hoennese]], Irish and [[Isleños in Oriental Taemhwan|Isleños]] origin, which led to Kelantanese, [[wikipedia:Ambonese|Ambonese]] and Taiwanese slaves developing an Malay-based creole throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. By the 27th century, Scattered Frontier Creole Malay was spoken on [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]], as Negerhullands was fading away. By the end of the 19th century, English creole completely replaced Negerhullands as the native dialect of [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]].
Pronouns are quite different according to their dialect variations. The pronouns ''temé'' or ''awok'' (i or me) and ''miké'' or ''komé'' (you) are derived from the Oranje dialect, especially the sub-dialects of [[Waeng Secretariat Collectivity|Waeng Secretariat]] and [[Rouxville Collectivity|Rouxville]], the pronouns ''kawé'' or ''ambo'' and ''démo'' or ''démé'' are derived from the Taemhwanian dialect, while the personal pronouns ''gué'' and ''lu'', as well as the numbers ''cépék'' (hundred), ''gopék'' (five hundred) and ''sécén'' (thousand) from the Hokkien language.


The creole had also been developing in the present-day [[Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands]]. The immigrants settle this area with the Boers in {{RP|1992}}. Enslaved [[wikipedia:Balinese people|Balinese]] and [[wikipedia:Kelantanese Malay people|Kelantanese]] were brought to work on plantations on the settlements of [[Tortola]], [[Martin-de-Viviès]], [[Raimon]] and [[Hanazakarino Kimitachihe]] where they, like those enslaved on [[Bassas da Íeu'ryïan]] over 40 miles away, developed an Perak Malay-based creole.
== Classification ==


Like those in the [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], Betawi slaves were brought to the [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]] and [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]]. The prevalence of Euronesians from the [[Niuē i Taman Lawang]] on these islands, as well as the SSS islands' proximity and trade with nearby Malay-speaking islands, resulted in an Malay creole being spoken in the SSS islands. Due to the heavy importation of workers from [[Saint Martin]] after the 1848 emancipation in the Danish West Indies, as well as a tendency for wealthy planters to own plantations in both the Virgin Islands and SSS islands, the "ancestral" inhabitants (descendants of the [[wikipedia:Euronesians|Euronesians]] and [[Taemhwaners]]) of the SSS islands share common bloodlines and a common culture with those of [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]].
==Varieties==
==Varieties==
Today the creole is native to three [[Oriental Taemhwan|Taemhwanian]] territorial units is [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]]. Though not called by the same name, the TFSA, Hōkaïdán and SSS varieties are considered by linguists to be the same creole.
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner today is native to all three [[autonomous territorial units of Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan]]. Although it has different names and is not called by the same name in some areas, variations of the [[Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area|TFSA]], the SSS Islands and the [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands]] are considered by speakers and linguists as a same creole.  


There are slight variations from island to island. The speech of [[St. Croix]] (known as ''Crucian'') is the most distinct, sharing many similarities with the [[Úyvidék Malay]] of [[Butterworth]] and [[Țravenōraş]]. This is perhaps due to migration from [[St. Croix]] to [[Butterworth]] during the building of the [[Butterworth Port]]. The speech of the SSS islands is slightly closer to that of the [[Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands]] than the speech of the [[Scattered Islands of the Íeu'ryïan Coast]]. The speech of [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]] shares distinct similarities with both the Crucian and [[Martin-de-Viviès]] variants.
There are several variations of Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speech, where the speech in [[Kéijō]] and urban areas is very different and has a strong influence with the Oranje Phineaner sub-dialect in Waeng Sekretariat but the word ending is a bit coarser than the original, or has a strong influence from [[Wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]] creoles. While speech in the SSS Islands has a little closer to that of the [[Tromelin Atoll|Tromelin]] variant (especially [[Kéijō]]) than the [[Martin-de-Viviès]] variant however the SSS Islands variant is distinguished by intermediate vowels. Speech outside the Rōmande area has shared similarities with the SSS Islands variant and the Tromelin Atoll variant.
==Language use and perceptions==
Scattered Frontier Malay does have the status of an official language as a territorial units-level languages. The language of government, education and the media is [[Istvanistani language]] in the [[Oriental Taemhwan]], the [[Phinbellan language]] in [[Phinbella]], both [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]] and [[Hoennese language|Hoennese]] on [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Sint Eustatius and Saint Martin]], and French on the French settlements of Saint Martin.


Like most Malay islands, a [[wikipedia:post-creole speech continuum|post-creole speech continuum]] exists, in which there are two extremes — standard Malay (known as the ''[[wikipedia:acrolect|acrolect]]'') and the creole in its most distinct, or ''raw'', form (known as the ''[[wikipedia:basilect|basilect]]'').
== Dialects ==
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner has eight dialects, and each dialect in this creole has a different phonology and influence as well as its vocabulary. but almost all dialects tend to pronounce a strong "e", yet the ''Terre Adélie'' and ''Toyohara'' dialects remain "a" like [[Wikipedia:Indonesian language|Indokistani]], and are often pressed into "ah". ''Tromelinese dialect'' spoken in [[Tromelin Atoll]] including [[Kéijō]] are ''[[Wikipedia:De facto|de facto]]'' standard dialect in the [[Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area]] and are often commonly used as speech in local animation, TC-pop and Télérōman.


Due to the constant contact between standard Malay and Scattered Frontier Malay in local society, there are many in-between speech varieties as well (known as ''[[wikipedia:mesolect|mesolect]]s''). Most [[Scattered Islands Frontier Creole|Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people]] can easily maneuver this continuum depending on their mood, subject matter, or addressee.
Following are its eight dialects along with its speaking area:


In recent decades, the basilect form of the creole is typically only spoken among older islanders. Although the basilect is no longer in common use among the younger population, it has still been preserved by way of historical plays, folk songs and local literature. The variety spoken by middle-aged and younger Scattered Islanders today is of a mesolectal form that still retains numerous creole features, yet is slightly closer to standard Malay than the basilect spoken by older islanders.
* ''Tromelinese dialect'' - spoken in [[Tromelin Atoll]] ([[Kéijō]], Flying Fish Cove, Kadok dan Nicho), Bassas da Íeu'ryïan, Yeop Takiyouki Island, Île du Langkis, Saint Croix, part of John Ni Island, also in coast of the [[Padang Terap, Phinbellan Unincorporated Territory|Padang Terap]], [[Panglima Bayu]], [[Sungai Chor, Phinbellan Unincorporated Territory|Sungai Chor]] and [[Sarkies]]-[[Masan]], as well as in urban area of [[Danville-Providenciales-Kota Iskandar Metropolitan Region|Keijinshin Metropolitan Region]].
* ''Geyserite-Eurekan dialect'' - spoken in [[Glorioso Islands]] (including Gaisaru Bank, Batuan Tengah and Isla del Verde), [[Eureka Island]], [[Islas del Tropico]], part of John Ni Island, and [[Department Yapreay Authorities]], as well as in urban area of [[Danville-Providenciales-Kota Iskandar Metropolitan Region|Keijinshin Metropolitan Region]].
* ''Thomian dialect'' - spoken in [[Gugusan Kanthō-Keinetsu and Amsterdam Islands]] including [[Martin-de-Viviès]] and surroundings, also in some villages in Ulu Merapok, Sungai Merapok, Manchu and Bukit Puan, also in [[Spitsbergen Island]].
* ''Terre Adélie dialect'' - spoken in [[Tanah Adélie]] including Tanah Commodore, Kuala Koh and surrounding, some villages in Tanah Sibagol, Undop, Sasa, Bukit Manang, Merambai, Limpaki and Merapok (Gugusan Kanthō-Keinetsu and Amsterdam Islands).
* ''Sabakian dialect'' - spoken in [[Sabaki Islands]], and some villages in Bangkatan, Ladang Lalang, Lempaki Tengah, Lempaki Asal, Languban and Patarikan (Spitsbergen Island).
* ''Saint Martin dialect'' - spoken in [[Saint Martin Islands]].
* ''Eustakian dialect'' - spoken in [[Eustaki Island]].
* ''Toyoharan dialect'' - spoken in [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands]], also in part of [[Rintis Island]] and [[Cyborges]].


Scattered Frontier Malay has different forms that vary by the age of the speaker, as many words and expressions are known only by older islanders, while there are also relatively newer words and expressions known only to younger islanders. The creole continues to undergo changes in a ''post-creole'' environment. Its most modern mesolectal form is mainly derived from traditional Scattered Frontier Creole Malay terms, idioms, proverbs and sentence structure, with influences from [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]] and [[Hoennese language|Hoennese]] idioms, due to the prevalence of Betawi and Hoennese mainstream pop culture in the [[Íeu'ryïan Coast]] region. The variant of Scattered Frontier Creole spoken on St. Croix, known as ''Crucian'', contains many Spanish-derived words due to St. Croix's large ethnic [[Isleños in Oriental Taemhwan|Isleños]] population. Many Crucians of Isleños descent speak a Spanglish-like [[wikipedia:code switching|code switching]] of [[wikipedia:Isleño Spanish|Isleño Spanish]] and the local Crucian dialect. In addition, due to long-standing historical and family ties between St. Croix and the nearby Saban islands of [[Isla de Vieques|Vieques]] and [[Isla Culebra|Culebra]], many Vieques and Culebra locals of Crucian descent also speak Crucian dialect. As the Malay creole is spoken in [[Saint Martin Islands|St. Martin]], and Spanish is the second most dominant language there next to Malay and creole, Isleños and other Hispanics also speak Spanglish-like code switching of Isleño and other Spanish dialects and local dialect of the island along w/ Batavian and Hoennese. The same situation happens in [[Saba]] and [[Sint Eustatius|St. Eustatius]], and in [[Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands]], they speak Spanglish-like code switching of Spanish and creole with French.
==Characteristics==
 
As in other Malay-based creoles, proverbs are prevalent in Scattered Frontier Creole. However, in {{RP|2004}}, a [[wikipedia:linguistic|linguistic]] study group in cooperation with the [[University of Podol]]’s [[Rio Piedras]] campus found that many old proverbs in the Crucian dialect, common among older generations, have faded away and are not generally known among many young Crucians. Many Scattered Islanders who migrate to the mainland [[Phinbella]] often return with Phinbellan-influenced speech patterns (colloquially known as yankin') that influence local speech of their peer groups. These changes, as well as the perception held by many older Scattered Islanders that the dialect is currently undergoing decreolization, have inspired debates on whether the dialect spoken by young Scattered Islanders today is in fact the true Scattered Frontier Creole.
 
Like most Malay-based creoles, the use of Scattered Frontier Creole can vary depending on socioeconomic class. The middle and upper classes tend to speak it informally among friends and at home, but code switch to [[Phinbellan language|Standard Malay]] in the professional sphere. The lower socioeconomic classes tend to use the dialect in almost every aspect of daily life.
 
In the TFSA, there has been an underlying negative pressure on Scattered Islanders or Taemhwaners to eliminate their dialect due to Taemhwanization since the {{RP|1982}}s. Although [[Taemhwanian]] acquired the territories as a [[Taemhwanian Autonomous Region]] in {{RP|1967}}, Hoennese influence did not arrive until the early {{RP|2012}}s. [[Hoennese language|Hoennese]] is associated with social mobility, as it is widely used in business and professional circles. Scattered Frontier Creole, although appreciated for its cultural value and widely used informally, is often seen as an impediment to economic and educational progress.
 
The majority of TFSA residents speak Scattered Frontier Creole. However, due to immigration from the Euronesian region and [[Phinbella]], some TFSA residents do not speak it. Most non-native longtime residents can understand spoken Scattered Frontier Creole, even if not fluent in speaking themselves. In local vernacular, Scattered Frontier Creole is rarely referred to as a creole, as locally, "creole" (as well as "patois") usually refers to the French-based creoles spoken by [[Alexandria]]n immigrants. Instead, TFSA residents or Scattered Islanders tend to refer to the dialect by their native island (i.e. "Crucian dialect", "Thomian dialect", "Tolian dialect", etc.)


As with other Malay-based creoles, Scattered Frontier Creole is generally unwritten. However, local authors often write in the creole in the field of colloquial literature, and young TFSA residents or Scattered Islanders tend to write in it when communicating over the Internet. Because no standard spelling system exists in Scattered Frontier Creole, those who attempt to write it use [[Phinbellan orthography for Phinbellan creoles|Revised orthography]].
=== Phonology ===
 
The prevailing sentiment is that Scattered Frontier Creole cannot be learned like a standard language, but acquired only through having spent one's formative years in the TFSA. Attempts by TFSA non-native residents to speak the dialect, even out of respect, are often met with disapproval. A notable exception applies to immigrants who cannot speak Malay upon arrival. For example, persons from the [[Hazarese Taka'atui]], lacking fluency in Malay upon arrival, often learn Scattered Frontier Creole before they are able to master standard Malay. In nearby St. Martin, there are persons from [[Alexandria]] who, lacking fluency in Malay upon arrival in St. Martin, learn the local variety of Saint Martin Malay spoken by the native population.
==Characteristics==
===Phonology===
====Open final syllables====
It has been said that in general, the [[wikipedia:Malay people|Malay people]] in [[Phinbella]] distinguish the dialect of Scattered Frontier by the final {{IPA|/-[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|'''a''']]/}} vowel in [[Phinbellan language|Standard Malay]] substituted into strong 'e': {{IPA|[-[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|'''ɛ''']]]}}, in contrast to {{IPA|[-[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]]}}, {{IPA|[-[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]]}}, {{IPA|[-[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]]}} and {{IPA|[-[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]]}} in the other Malay dialects, similar to inland [[wikipedia:Terengganu Malay|Terengganu dialect]]. So as for the word ''mata'' (eye) which is shown by the phonemes {{IPA|/mat'''a'''/}} in Standard Malay, is pronounced as {{IPA|[mat'''ɛ''']}} in Scattered Frontier Malay notably in [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]]. It appears that Scattered Frontier Malay has a vowel raising rule which changes word final {{IPA|/-'''a'''/}} vowel of Standard Malay to {{IPA|[-'''ɛ''']}}.


==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Correspondence Rule
'''(SM ≙ SCM)'''
! colspan="2" |Standard Phineaner ([[Phinbellan language|Phinbellan]])
(SM)
! colspan="2" |Scatered Frontier Phineaner
(SCM)
!English Translation
|-
| rowspan="3" |Final /a/ with nasal coda
| rowspan="3" |≙
| rowspan="3" |Long nasal {{IPA|[ɛ̃ː]}}
|''ayam''
|{{IPA|/ajam/}}
|''ayé''
|{{IPA|[ajɛ̃ː]}}
|'chicken'
|-
|''makan''
|{{IPA|/makan/}}
|''maké''
|{{IPA|[makɛ̃ː]}}
|'to eat'
|-
|''pisang''
|{{IPA|/pisaŋ/}}
|''pisé''
|{{IPA|[pisɛ̃ː]}}
|'banana'
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Word
| rowspan="2" |Final /a/ in open-ended words
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Standard Malay
| rowspan="2" |≙
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Perak-based creole
| rowspan="2" |Long {{IPA|[ɛː]}}
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Meaning
|''mata''
|{{IPA|/mata/}}
|''maté''
|{{IPA|[matɛː]}}
| 'eye'
|-
|-
| '''Scattered Frontier''' || '''[[Úyvidék Malay|Úyvidék]]'''
|''kereta''
|{{IPA|/kəreta/}}
|''keghété''
|{{IPA|[kəʁetɛː]}}
|'car'
|-
|-
| ''Bota'' || {{IPA|/bota/}} || {{IPA|[botɛ]}} || {{IPA|[botə]}} || [[Bota]] (a town in TFSA)
| rowspan="2" |Initial /ia/
| rowspan="2" |≙
|Still initial {{IPA|[ia]}}
|''biasa''
|{{IPA|/biasa/}}  
|''biasé''
|{{IPA|[biasɛː]}}
|'normal'
|-
|-
| ''mata'' || {{IPA|/mata/}} || {{IPA|[matɛ]}} || {{IPA|[matə]}} || eye
|Open front unrounded vowel {{IPA|[a]}}
|''siapa''
|{{IPA|/siapa/}}
|''sapé''
|{{IPA|[sapɛː]}}
|'who'
|-
|-
| ''kita'' || {{IPA|/kita/}} || {{IPA|[kitɛ]}} || {{IPA|[kitə]}} || we, us, our (inclusive)
| rowspan="2" |/a/ in final /ah/
| rowspan="3" | ≙
| rowspan="3" |Open back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|''rumah''
|{{IPA|/rumah/}}
|''ghumoh''
|{{IPA|[ʁumɑh]}}
|'house'
|-
|-
| ''rupa'' || {{IPA|/rupa/}} || {{IPA|[ʁupɛ]}} || {{IPA|[ʁopə]}} || look (noun)
|''sumpah''
|{{IPA|/sumpah/}}
|''supoh''
|{{IPA|[sũpɑh]}}
|'swear'
|-
|-
| ''kena'' || {{IPA|/kəna/}} || {{IPA|[kənɛ]}} || {{IPA|[kənə]}} || to be subject to (passive voice), to contact with
| /a/ in final /ak/
|''masak''
|{{IPA|/masak/}}
|''masok''
|{{IPA|[masɑʔ]}}
|'cooking'
|-
|-
| ''kereta'' || {{IPA|/kəreta/}} || {{IPA|[kəʁetɛ]}} || {{IPA|[kəʁetə]}} || car, cart
|Initial /ua/
| ≙
|Still initial {{IPA|[ua]}}
|''puasa''
|{{IPA|/puasa/}}
|''puasé''
|{{IPA|[puasɛː]}}
| 'fasting'
|-
|Final /ai/
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Long {{IPA|[aː]}}
|''sungai''
|{{IPA|/suŋai/}}
|''sungaь''
|{{IPA|[suŋaː]}}
|'river'
|-
|Final /au/
|''pisau''
|{{IPA|/pisau/}}
|''pisaь''
|{{IPA|[pisaː]}}
|'knife'
|}
|}
 
For Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speakers, in general these creoles are highly inclined to the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect spoken by the Phineaner community in the [[Taemhwanian Mainland]] and the [[Barbara|State of Barbara]]. Normally, the suffixes /-an/, /-am/ and /-aŋ/ in Standard Phineaner will be replaced by the long nasal ''''é'''<nowiki/>' [-'''ɛ̃ː'''] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, it generally has an influence the Taemhwanian dialect itself, it is strongly distinguished by the suffix [-'''æ̃'''] dan [-'''a<sup>ŋ</sup>'''] in the [[Gangwol Phineaner|Gangwol dialect]], the suffix [-'''aŋ'''] in the [[Shintaro Phineaner|Shintaro dialect]], or even the suffixes [-'''ai'''] and [-'''an'''] in other Phineaner dialects and creoles. For the word ''makan'' (eat) indicated by the phoneme /maka'''n'''/ in Standard Phineaner, it is referred to as ''maké'' [mak'''ɛ̃ː'''] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner and Taemhwanian Phineaner.
Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in the table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Malay dialects in the peninsula.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! '''Word''' !! '''Standard Malay''' !! '''Scattered Frontier Malay''' !! '''Meaning'''
! style="text-align: center;" |Word
! style="text-align: center;" |Standard Phineaner
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Scattered Frontier Creole
! style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|''jalan'' ||{{IPA|/d͡ʒalan/}}||''jalé''
|{{IPA|[d͡ʒalɛ̃ː]}}||'road'
|-
|-
| ''Kinta'' || {{IPA|/kinta/}} || {{IPA|[kinta]}} || [[Kinta District|Kinta]] (a district in Perak)
|''bukan''||{{IPA|/bukan/}} ||''buké''
|{{IPA|[bukɛ̃ː]}}||'not'
|-
|-
| ''merdeka'' || {{IPA|/mərdeka/}} || {{IPA|[məɾdeka]}} || independent
|''dalam''||{{IPA|/dalam/}}||''dalé''
|{{IPA|[dalɛ̃ː]}}||'in'
|-
|-
| ''bola'' || {{IPA|/bola/}} || {{IPA|[bola]}} || ball
|''peram''||{{IPA|/pəram/}}||''peghé''
|-
|{{IPA|[pəʁɛ̃ː]}}||'peel'
| ''beca'' || {{IPA|/betʃa/}} || {{IPA|[betʃa]}} || trishaw
|-
|-
| ''lawa'' || {{IPA|/lawa/}} || {{IPA|[lawɐ~o]}} || pretty, good
|''tulang''||{{IPA|/tulaŋ/}}|| ''tulé''
|{{IPA|[tulɛ̃ː]}}|| 'bone'
|-
|-
| ''maha'' || {{IPA|/maha/}} || {{IPA|[maha]}} || very (adj.), the most (superlative)
|''petang'' ||{{IPA|/pətaŋ/}}||''peté''
|}
|{{IPA|[pətɛ̃ː]}}|| 'evening'
 
|}Although Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is accustomed to the suffixes /-an/, /-am/ and /-aŋ/ changed to [-'''ɛ̃ː'''], Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a very distinctive creole compared to Taemhwanian Phineaner, it is because it distinguishes with the suffix /-a/ is replaced by a strong long 'é' [-'''ɛː'''] in Scattered Frontier Creole, it also has the influence of [[Oranje Phineaner|Oranje dialect]], [[Shintaro Phineaner|Shintaro Interior dialect]] or [[Wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi creole]], it differs from [-ɑː] in Taemhwanian dialect as well as [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in other Phineaner dialects and creoles. Scattered Frontier Creole pronounces [-'''ɛː'''] very strongly and long, while Oranje Phineaner pronounces [-'''ɛ'''] softly especially in [[Waeng Secretariat]]. For example, the word ''mata'' (eye) with the phoneme /mat'''a'''/ is pronounced as ''mat'''é''''' [mat'''ɛː'''] in Scattered Frontier Creole especially in urban areas and the surrounding islands. It seems that Scattered Frontier Creole is unique in that it has a vowel-raising rule that changes the Standard Phineaner vowel suffix /-'''a'''/ to [-'''ɛː'''] in its most dialects.  
Unlike Perak and Úyvidék dialect to maintain a suffix of {{IPA|/-'''am'''/}}, {{IPA|/-'''aŋ'''/}} and {{IPA|/-'''an'''/}}, Scattered Frontier dialect converts the suffix {{IPA|/-'''am'''/}}, {{IPA|/-'''aŋ'''/}} and {{IPA|/-'''an'''/}} into the suffix [-'''ɛ'''], just like [[wikipedia:Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese dialect]]. So as for the word ''makan'' (eat) which is shown by the phonemes {{IPA|/maka'''n'''/}} in Standard Malay, is pronounced as {{IPA|[mak'''ɛ''']}} in Scattered Frontier Malay.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Word
! style="text-align: center;" |Word
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Standard Malay
! style="text-align: center;" |Standard Phineaner
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Perak-based creole
! colspan="2" |Scattered Frontier Creole
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Meaning
! style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|-
| '''Scattered Frontier''' || '''[[Úyvidék Malay|Úyvidék]]'''
|''apa''||{{IPA|/apa/}}||''apé''||{{IPA|[apɛː]}}||'what'
|-
|-
| ''ayam'' || {{IPA|/ajam/}} || {{IPA|[ajɛ]}} || {{IPA|[ajam]}} || chicken
|''mata''||{{IPA|/mata/}} ||''maté''||{{IPA|[matɛː]}}||'eye'
|-
|-
| ''bukan'' || {{IPA|/bukan/}} || {{IPA|[bukɛ]}} || {{IPA|[bukan]}} || not
|''kenapa''||{{IPA|/kənapa/}}||''kenapé''||{{IPA|[kənapɛː]}}||'why'
|-
|-
| ''geran'' || {{IPA|/gəran/}} || {{IPA|[gəʀɛ]}} || {{IPA|[gəʁan]}} || grants
|''kita''||{{IPA|/kita/}}||''kité'' ||{{IPA|[kitɛː]}}||'we', 'us', 'our' (inclusive)
|-
|-
| ''jangan'' || {{IPA|/d͡ʒaŋan/}} || {{IPA|[d͡ʒaŋɛ]}} || {{IPA|[d͡ʒaŋan]}} || don't/do not
|''rupa''||{{IPA|/rupa/}}||''ghupé''|| {{IPA|[ʁupɛː]}}|| 'look' (noun)
|-
|-
| ''lengan'' || {{IPA|/ləŋan/}} || {{IPA|[ləŋɛ]}} || {{IPA|[ləŋan]}} || arm
|''tanda''||{{IPA|/tanda/}}||''tandé''||{{IPA|[tandɛː]}}|| 'sign'
|-
|}However, unlike the Terre Adélie and Toyoharan dialects which retain the suffix /-'''a'''/ but with the pronunciation it is emphasized to 'ah' [-'''aː'''], for example ''say'''a''''' (i or me) becomes ''say'''ah'''''.
| ''pisang'' || {{IPA|/pisaŋ/}} || {{IPA|[pisɛ]}} || {{IPA|[pisaŋ]}} || banana
|-
| ''sembang'' || {{IPA|/sembaŋ/}} || {{IPA|[sembɛ]}} || {{IPA|[sembaŋ]}} || chat
|}


As the prevalence of Scattered Frontier Malay, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes -'''ai''' and -'''au''' are often articulated as varied forms of [[monophthongs]]. Still and  all, diphthongization of monophthongs occurs in certain conditions instead. For instance, the final vowels sound /-'''i'''/ and /-'''u'''/ are articulated to some extent as diphthongs [-'''iy'''] and [-'''uw'''] respectively. The [[monophthongization]] patterns phonetically vary by the sub-dialects.
But there are exceptions to this rule, it will not apply to some words and it is considered common for other Phineaner dialects and creoles. Following is the table showing the exceptions to this rule.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Word
!'''Word'''!! '''Standard Phineaner'''!!'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''!!'''Meaning'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Standard Malay
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Perak-based creole
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Meaning
|-
| '''Scattered Frontier''' || '''[[Úyvidék Malay|Úyvidék]]'''
|-
|-
| ''gulai'' || {{IPA|/gulai̯/}} || {{IPA|[gulaː]}} || {{IPA|[gulɛ<sup>j</sup>]}} || ''[[wikipedia:gulai|gulai]]'' (a traditional Malay cuisine)
|{{lang|ms|Kinta}}||{{IPA|/kinta/}}||{{IPA|[kinta]}}||[[Kinta Settelement|Kinta]] (a settlement in [[Keinetsu Islands]])
|-
|-
| ''kedai'' || {{IPA|/kədai̯/}} || {{IPA|[kədaː]}} || {{IPA|[kədɛ<sup>j</sup>]}} || shop, store (noun)
|{{lang|ms|merdeka}}||{{IPA|/mərdeka/}}||{{IPA|[məɾdeka]}}|| independent
|-
|-
| ''sampai'' || {{IPA|/sampai̯/}} || {{IPA|[sapaː]}} || {{IPA|[sapɛ<sup>j</sup>]}} || to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb)
| {{lang|ms|bola}}||{{IPA|/bola/}}|| {{IPA|[bola]}}|| ball
|-
|-
| ''risau'' || {{IPA|/risau̯/}} || {{IPA|[ʁisaː]}} || {{IPA|[ʁisɔː]}} || to be worried
|{{lang|ms|beca}}||{{IPA|/betʃa/}}||{{IPA|[betʃa]}}||trishaw
|-
|-
| ''bangau'' || {{IPA|/baŋau̯/}} || {{IPA|[baŋaː]}} || {{IPA|[baŋɔː]}} || stork
|{{lang|ms|lawa}}|| {{IPA|/lawa/}}||{{IPA|[lawa]}}||pretty, good
|-
|-
| ''limau'' || {{IPA|/limau̯/}} || {{IPA|[limaː]}} || {{IPA|[limɔː]}} || lime
|{{lang|ms|maha}}||{{IPA|/maha/}}|| {{IPA|[maha]}}||very (adj.), the most (superlative)
|}
|}
 
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaners have diphthong changes in the suffixes /-'''ai'''/ and /-'''au'''/, and they are commonly articulated as various [[Wikipedia:Monophthong|monophthong]] forms. Every dialect in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner where monophthong diphthongization can occur in the opposite situation. Changes to the suffixes /-'''ai'''/ and /-'''au'''/ in Standard Phineaner, usually directly changed to the suffix [-'''aː'''] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, the letters 'i' and 'u' are indeed dropped and replaced with the sign 'ь' and there are some who argue that it is directly dropped and need not be replaced by that sign, this pattern is similar to that found in the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect and the Oranje sub-dialect in most areas of the Waeng Secretariat, there are some dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole that change the suffixes /-ai/ and /-au/ where the last vowel sound /-'''i'''/ and/-'''u'''/ are articulated to some extent respectively, usually occurring in some villages as well as in rural areas or in the suburbs, however, it is likely that most of the villages, especially in urban areas in the [[Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area|Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area]], use this monophthongization pattern that changes /-ai/ and /-au/ to [-aː] as usual. For example the suffix diphthong change in Scattered Frontier Creole where the word ''sungai'' (river) with the phoneme /suŋ'''ai̯'''/ in Standard Phineaner has been changed to ''sungaь'' [suŋ'''aː'''] in Scattered Frontier Creole. The pattern of [[Wikipedia:Monophthongization|monophthongization]] phonetically differs according to dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole, yet mostly changes to the suffix [-'''aː'''].
The pattern /-'''ai̯'''/ transformed to [-'''aː'''] is particularly restricted to some areas within the districts of TFSA, SSS isands and HJN. Typically in most villages in [[Parit]] and southward to [[Bota]], this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of [[Kampung Gajah]] and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in [[Úyvidék Malay|Úyvidék]] dialect.
{| class="wikitable"
 
====Closed final syllables====
There is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Malay and Perak Malay that [[wikipedia:Neutralization (linguistics)|neutralizes]] the final [[wikipedia:nasal consonant|nasals]] to [[wikipedia:alveolar nasal|alveolar nasal]]. The final nasals {{IPA|/-[[wikipedia:Bilabial nasal|'''m''']]/}} and {{IPA|/-[[wikipedia:Velar nasal|'''ŋ''']]/}} phonetically exist in certain environments. In other circumstances, the nasals are neutralized to {{IPA|[-[[wikipedia:Alveolar nasal|'''n''']]]}}. This neutralizing rule operates only if the final nasals are directly preceded by {{IPA|/[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|'''i''']]/}} or {{IPA|/[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|'''e''']]/}}. In addition, the {{IPA|['''e''']}} and {{IPA|['''o''']}} are [[wikipedia:allophones|allophones]] of {{IPA|/'''i'''/}} and {{IPA|/'''u'''/}} in closed final syllables in general  [[Phinbellan language|Phinbellan]] [[wikipedia:Malay phonology|phonology]].
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
! '''Word''' !! '''Standard Malay''' !! '''Scattered Frontier Malay''' !! '''Meaning'''
! style="text-align: center;" |Word
! style="text-align: center;" |Standard Phineaner
! colspan="3" |Scattered Frontier Creole
! style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|-
| ''Taiping'' || {{IPA|/taipiŋ/}} || {{IPA|[tɛpen]}} || [[wikipedia:Taiping, Perak|Taiping]] (a sub-district in Perak)
|{{lang|ms|gulai}}||{{IPA|/gulai̯/}}||''gulaь''
|''gula''||{{IPA|[gulaː]}}||''[[Wikipedia:Gulai|gulai]]'' (a traditional Phineaner cuisine)
|-
|-
| ''kering'' || {{IPA|/kəriŋ/}} || {{IPA|[kəʁen]}} || dry
| {{lang|ms|kedai}}||{{IPA|/kədai̯/}}|| ''kedaь''
|''keda''||{{IPA|[kədaː]}} ||shop, store (noun)
|-
|-
|''bengkeng'' || {{IPA|/beŋkeŋ/}} || {{IPA|[bɛken]}} || fierce, livery, pugnacious
| {{lang|ms|sampai}} ||{{IPA|/sampai̯/}} ||''sapaь''
|''sapa''||{{IPA|[sãpaː]}}||to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb)
|-
|-
| ''kirim'' || {{IPA|/kirim/}} || {{IPA|[keʁen]}} || to send, to post
|{{lang|ms|risau}} ||{{IPA|/risau̯/}}||''ghisaь''
|''ghisa''||{{IPA|[ʁisaː]}}||to be worried
|-
|-
| ''musim'' || {{IPA|/musim/}} || {{IPA|[musen]}} || season
| {{lang|ms|bangau}}||{{IPA|/baŋau̯/}}||''bangaь''
|''banga''||{{IPA|[baŋaː]}}||stork
|-
|-
| ''alim'' || {{IPA|/alim/}} || {{IPA|[alen]}} || pious
|{{lang|ms|limau}}|| {{IPA|/limau̯/}}|| ''limaь''
|''lima''||{{IPA|[limaː]}}||lime
|}
|}
The pattern of /-'''ai̯'''/ converted to [-'''aː'''] is very limited to a few areas in most districts in the Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area and in [[Territory of Spitsbergen and the SSS Islands|Spitsbergen and the SSS Islands]], usually in a few villages, urban and suburban areas or even on populated small islands in these two autonomous territorial units, this pattern is used. Whereas, it is possible that in some other villages, the speakers are more likely to pronounce in a form influenced by Betawi creole, or a form used in the Terre Adélie dialect.


====Tashdid/consonant doubled/emphasis====
Similar to the Oranje and Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialects, Scattered Frontier Creole also has pronunciations that occur in /'''a'''/ before the final coda /h/ and /k/ in open-ended words, where the pronunciation /'''a'''/ will be changed to a village pronunciation. or a particular placement, or even according to a particular linguist. The /'''a'''/ pattern is pronounced according to the villages, some villages pronounce it with open back unrounded ['''ɑ'''], while some villages including coastal areas or some small islands pronounce it with open-mid back rounded ['''ɔ'''], and some villages pronounce it with near-open central ['''ɐ''']. In terms of spelling, "'''a'''h" and "'''a'''k" will be changed and replaced with "'''o'''h" and "'''o'''k", where it occurs in the Waeng Secretariat sub-dialect and the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect.
The role of the consonant doubled or emphasis or ''[[wikipedia:tashdid|tashdid]]'' in the Scattered Frontier accent is so great. The use of the emphasis will cause the order of the word structure to change.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Consonant doubled/emphasis (Scattered Frontier Malay)
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Word
! Without emphasis (significant difference)
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Standard Phineaner
! The words are meant
! colspan="4" |Scattered Frontier Creole
! Meaning in English
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|-
| Ruput maké kkambin<br>{{IPA|/rũput makɛ̃ kkambin/}}
!Word
| Rumput makan kambing<br>{{IPA|/rumput makan kkambiŋ/}}
! colspan="3" |IPA
| Rumput dimakan oleh kambing
| The grass is eaten by goats
|-
|-
| tok ppaká
|''rumah''||{{IPA|/rumah/}}
| tak pakai
|''ghumoh''||{{IPA|[ʁumɑh]}}
| tidak boleh pakai/tidak berguna
|{{IPA|[ʁumɔh]}}||{{IPA|[ʁumɐh]}}||'house'
| not usable/useless
|-
|-
| maké kkétén
| ''belah''||{{IPA|/bəlah/}}
| makan kantin
|''beloh''|| {{IPA|[bəlɑh]}}
| makan di kantin
|{{IPA|[bəlɔh]}}||{{IPA|[bəlɐh]}} ||'split'
| eat in the cafeteria/canteen
|-
|-
| kkécék
| ''pekak''||{{IPA|/pəkak/}}
| kécék/pujuk
|''pekok''||{{IPA|[pəkɑʔ]}}
| cakap
|{{IPA|[pəkɔʔ]}}||{{IPA|[pəkɐʔ]}}||'deaf'
| speak
|-
|-
| baju ddalé
|''campak''||{{IPA|/t͡ʃampak/}}
| baju dalam
|''capok''||{{IPA|[t͡ʃãpɑʔ]}}
| baju dimasukan dalam seluar
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃãpɔʔ]}}||{{IPA|[t͡ʃãpɐʔ]}}||'throw'
| "the clothes are in pants" are "tuck in"
|}
|}
The changes to the initials /'''ia'''/ and /'''ua'''/ in Scattered Frontier Creole are generally retained and will not be changed at all, it is almost the same as the Oranje dialect which is accustomed to retaining the pronunciation of the initials /'''ia'''/ and /'''ua'''/. It is not the same or different from the Taemhwanian-Barbarite, Gangwol or Shintarian dialects which change the initial pronunciations /ia/ and /ua/ to open-mid front ['''ɛ'''] or open front unrounded vowel ['''a'''] and open-mid ['''ɔ'''] respectively. For example, the word ''biasa'' (ordinary) becomes ''biasé'' and the word ''buaya'' (crocodile) becomes ''buayé''.


====Rhoticity====
Due to the influence of the Taemhwanian dialect, there are some words in the Standard Phineaner that are excluded from retaining the initial /'''ia'''/, instead it will be changed to open front unrounded vowel ['''a'''] is Scattered Frontier Creole, this is a pattern rule that doesn't occur in the Oranje dialect, and it occurs on some words in the Taemhwanian and Scattered Frontier Creole dialects. For example, the word ''s'''ia'''pa'' (who) with the phoneme {{IPA|/s'''ia'''pa/}} in Standard Phineaner is changed to ''s'''a'''pé'' {{IPA|[s'''a'''pɛː]}} in Scattered Frontier Creole.
Most of Malay dialects particularly in Phinbella are [[wikipedia:non-rhotic|non-rhotic]]. Scattered Frontier Malay is one of non-rhotic variants of Malay language and the 'r' is guttural. In Scattered Frontier Malay, if the 'r' appears in the initial and middle position of a word, it will be pronounced as French 'r' specifically [[wikipedia:voiced uvular fricative|voiced uvular fricative]], [ʁ] but if it comes in the final position of a word and in a postvocalic setting, it will be dropped or deleted and then substituted into an open vowel; usually 'o' by affecting the open vowel preceding it.
{| class="wikitable"
===Morphology===
|-
Documentation of the [[wikipedia:morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of Scattered Frontier Malay is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.
! style="text-align: center;" |Word
! style="text-align: center;" |Standard Phineaner
! colspan="2" |Scattered Frontier Creole
! style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ms|siapa}}||{{IPA|/siapa/}} ||''sapé''||{{IPA|[sapɛː]}}||'who'
|}It is possible that some linguists find that words that use this pattern are found only one word as shown in the table above, perhaps some words that use the pattern have not been ascertained and have not been found to study with the speaker.


[[wikipedia:Compound (linguistics)|Compounding]], for example, has little record of existing within Scattered Frontier Malay due to this. On the other hand, [[wikipedia:affixation|affixation]] has been better noted. The presence of the [[wikipedia:suffix|suffix]] ''-san'', taken from Sangunese/Hoennese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", and "baby" to produce nouns such as ''mama-san'' or ''baby-san''.
Each of the eight dialects or variants in Scattered Frontier Creole has the characteristic of their respective phonological changes, this is because there is an influence from the Phineaner dialects spoken in [[Bahot]] or in [[Hulu Barbar]], or in the interior of [[Sikin]], this is due to the migration of people in the area to the southern coast and islands especially in the Scattered Islands and the [[Department Yapreayan Authorities]], as well as in the SSS Islands. Each dialect can be distinguished through the following patterns of change. As noted, the Terre Adélie and Toyoharan dialects emphasize the suffix /-a/ to the point of becoming ‘ah’ [-aː]. In the Geyserite-Eurekan, Sabaki, Saint Martin and Eustaki dialects, speakers can distinguish the standard Tromelinese dialect by having the initials /'''e'''/ and /'''o'''/ changed to high vowels ['''i'''] and ['''u'''] in their dialect, such as the word ''ekor'' /'''e'''k'''o'''r/ is changed to ['''i'''k'''u'''ː], and the word ''esok'' /'''e'''s'''o'''k/ is changed to ['''i'''s'''u'''ʔ]. In the Thomian, Geyserite-Eurekan and Sabaki dialects, the /-'''ik'''/ suffix in Standard Phineaner will be changed to the [-'''aiʔ'''] suffix, for example the word ''tubik'' or ''tubek'' (out or exit) with phoneme [tub'''ɛʔ'''] in the Tromelinese dialect is changed to ''tubaik'' [tub'''aiʔ''']. There are some dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole that change the suffixes /-'''un'''/, /-'''um'''/, /-'''uŋ'''/ to the pronunciation [-'''aɔŋ'''] or the spelling '-aong', such as ''jagung'' /d͡ʒag'''uŋ'''/ being changed to ''jagaong'' [d͡ʒag'''aɔŋ'''], and the word ''turun'' /tur'''un'''/ is changed to ''tughaong'' [tuʁ'''aɔŋ''']. In the Saint Martin and Toyohara dialects only the suffix /-aŋ/ is retained compared to the standard Tromeliniese dialect which becomes [-ɛ̃ː], among the examples are ''ora'''ng''''' becoming ''ugha'''ng''''', ''pisa'''ng''''', ''tula'''ng''''' and ''sembahya'''ng''''' becoming ''semaya'''ng'''''.


An additional morphological trait shown in Scattered Frontier Malay is [[wikipedia:reduplication]], though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are ''chop-chop'' meaning 'food', ''dame-dame'' meaning 'bad', and ''hubba-hubba'' meaning 'to hurry' .
==== Consonants ====
===Syntax===
As Scattered Frontier Malay does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example, ''chop-chop'' means 'food' but also 'to eat'. Other such dual-use words are ''hayaku'' meaning 'quickly' and also 'to hurry up', ''sayonara'' meaning 'absence' and 'to get rid of', and ''taksan'' meaning 'many, many', 'very', and 'large'.
 
==== Example phrases ====
Examples taken from Hikami (1970): p.&nbsp;170.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Correspondence Rule
'''(SM ≙ SCM)'''
! colspan="2" |Standard Phineaner ([[Phinbellan language|Phinbellan]])
(SM)
! colspan="2" |Scatered Frontier Phineaner
(SCM)
!English Translation
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/f/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Glottal fricative {{IPA|[h]}}
|''maaf''
|{{IPA|/ma.af/}}
|''maah''
|{{IPA|[ma.ah]}}
|'sorry'
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/s/}}
|''panas''
|{{IPA|/panas/}}
|''panah''
|{{IPA|[panah]}}
|'hot'
|-
| rowspan="2" |Initial and mid {{IPA|/r/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Uvular fricative {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
|''reban''
| {{IPA|/rəban/}}
|''ghebé''
|{{IPA|[ʁəbɛ̃ː]}}
|'coop'
|-
|-
! Scattered Frontier Malay !! Translation
|''rupa''
|{{IPA|/rupa/}}
|''ghupé''
|{{IPA|[ʁupɛː]}}
|'look' (noun)
|-
|-
| ''Beghapé banyok hok kkécék, papa-san?'' || name your price
|Mid coda {{IPA|/r/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Omitted
|''permata''
|{{IPA|/pərmata/}}
|''pematé''
|{{IPA|[pəmatɛː]}}
|'jewellery'
|-
|-
| ''Énte nomor sé washee-washee ketchee; nomor sé presento hava-yeh'' || if you do my washing satisfactorily, I'll pay you well
|Final coda /l/
|}
|''tinggal''
===Vocabulary===
|{{IPA|/tiŋɡal/}}
====Personal pronouns====
|''tinggaь''
Scattered Frontier Creole differs lexically from Standard Malay for some personal pronouns. The suffix'' '-me' ''indicates plural pronoun. Possibly'' '-me' ''is derived from the word ''semua'' that means 'all' in Malay.
|{{IPA|[tiŋɡaː]}}
{| class="wikitable"
| 'leave'
|+Scattered Frontier Creole Malay Personal Pronouns
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Type of pronoun
| rowspan="2" |Final coda {{IPA|/r/}} after a vowel
! Scattered Frontier Creole Malay
| rowspan="2" |≙
! Meaning
| rowspan="2" |Omitted and long
|''biar''
|{{IPA|/biar/}}
|''bia''
|{{IPA|[biaː]}}
|'let'
|-
|-
! rowspan=3| First person
|''besar''
!| Singular
|{{IPA|/bəsar/}}
| temé (general), <br>kawé (intimate), <br>awok (intimate), <br>kemé (familiar), <br>ayé (very polite), <br>aku (informal), <br>gué (informal), <br>ané (informal)
|''besa''
| I, me
|{{IPA|[bəsaː]}}
|'big'
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Plural
|Final coda {{IPA|/r/}} after i vowel
| kémé (general), <br>kume*, <br>teméymé (rare)
|≙
| we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
|Long {{IPA|[aː]}}
|''fikir''
|{{IPA|/fikir/}}
|''pikia''
|{{IPA|[pikiaː]}}
|'to think'
|-
|-
| kité
|Final coda {{IPA|/p/}}
| we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" | Glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|''letup''
|{{IPA|/lətup/}}
|''letuk̚''
| {{IPA|[lətuʔ]}}
|'to explode'
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Second person
|Final coda {{IPA|/t/}}
!| Singular
|''sesat''
| miké (general), <br>démo (familiar), <br>komé (intimate), <br>lō (informal), <br>énté (informal)
|{{IPA|/səsat/}}
| you, thou, thee
|''sesak̚''
|{{IPA|[səsaʔ]}}
| 'lost'
|-
|-
!| Plural
| rowspan="3" | Final coda {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} after i vowel
| komé (general), <br>mikemé
| rowspan="3" |≙
| you, y'all
| rowspan="3" |Alveolar nasal {{IPA|[n]}}
|''mungkin''
|{{IPA|/muŋkin/}}
|''mukïn''
|{{IPA|[mũken]}}
|'maybe'
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Third person
|''kering''
!| Singular
|{{IPA|/kəriŋ/}}
| dié/diyé, <br>démé (familiar)
|''keghïn''
| he, she, him, her
|{{IPA|[kəʁen]}}
|'dry'
|-
|-
!| Plural
|''alim''
| démé (general), <br>démo
|{{IPA|/alim/}}
| they, them
|''alïn''
|{{IPA|[alen]}}
|'pious'
|}
|}
====Intensifiers====
Very different from the Taemhwanian dialect, but having similarities to the Oranje dialect, there is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Creole where it neutralizes the final nasal to the [[Wikipedia:Alveolar nasal|alveolar nasal]] i.e. the suffixes /-'''m'''/ and /-'''ŋ'''/ after the vowel letter /'''i'''/ or /'''e'''/ are neutralized to [-'''n'''], it is different from the Taemhwanian and Shintarian dialects which change the suffixes /-'''im'''/ and /-'''in'''/ to [-'''eŋ'''].
Instead of using "''bebena''", "''bbena''" or "''sangat''" as intensifier for an adjective, Scattered Frontier Creole Malay speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Standard Malay
!'''Word'''
! style="text-align: center;" | Scattered Frontier Malay
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! style="text-align: center;" | Meaning
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''!!'''Meaning'''
|-
|{{lang|ms|kering}}||{{IPA|/kəriŋ/}}
|''keghïn''||{{IPA|[kəʁen]}}||'dry'
|-
|{{lang|ms|bengkeng}}||{{IPA|/beŋkeŋ/}}
|''békïn''||{{IPA|[bɛ̃ken]}}||'fierce', 'livery', 'pugnacious'
|-
|{{lang|ms|kirim}}||{{IPA|/kirim/}}
|''kïghïn''||{{IPA|[keʁen]}} ||'to send', 'to post'
|-
|{{lang|ms|musim}}||{{IPA|/musim/}}
|''musïn''||{{IPA|[musen]}}||'season'
|-
| {{lang|ms|alim}}||{{IPA|/alim/}}
|''alïn''||{{IPA|[alen]}}||'pious'
|}
In Scattered Frontier Creole, changes to the final coda suffixes /-'''s'''/ and /-'''f'''/ will be changed to glottal fricative [-'''h'''], just as ''nafa'''s''''' is changed to ''napa'''h'''''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sangat putih || putéh llepok/ssuéh || very white
!'''Word'''
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''!!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
| sangat hitam || ité bberé/llegé || very dark/black
|''muallaf''||{{IPA|/mu.alːaf/}}
|''maklah''||{{IPA|[maʔlah]}}||convert to [[Umraism]]
|-
|-
| sangat merah || méghoh nnyalé || very red 
|
''saf''
|{{IPA|/sɑf/}}
| rowspan="2" |''soh''||{{IPA|[sɑh]}}||Saff
|-
|-
| sangat biru/biru pekat || bighu kketu || very blue/dark blue
|''sos''
|{{IPA|/sos/}}
|{{IPA|[sɔh]}}
|sauce
|-
|-
| sangat kuning/kuning pekat || kunin nnéhé || very yellow/dark yellow
|''rampas''||{{IPA|/rampas/}}
|''ghampah''||{{IPA|[ʁãpah]}}||confiscated
|-
|-
| sangat cantik || comé lloté/llotén || very beautiful
|''lepas''||{{IPA|/ləpas/}}
|''lepah''||{{IPA|[ləpah]}} ||release
|}
Almost all Phineaner dialects and creoles in Phinbella have a glottal stop rule [-'''ʔ'''], as well as this creole where the rule occurs at the final coda suffixes /-'''p'''/ and /-'''t'''/, it may not be the same as the Betawi creole or the Oranje dialect in some villages.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sangat busuk || busuk bbanga/llaton || very smelly
!'''Word'''
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''!!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
| sangat manis || manih lletin || very sweet
|''tetap''||{{IPA|/tətap/}}
|''tetak̚''||{{IPA|/tətaʔ/}}||'still'
|-
|-
| sangat tawar || tawa llésyo/bbésyo || very tasteless
|
''sanggup''
|{{IPA|/saŋgup/}}
|''sangguk̚''||{{IPA|/saŋguʔ/}}||'willing'
|-
|-
| sangat masam || masé ghutuk/ppughik || very sour
|''darat''||{{IPA|/darat/}}
|''daghak̚''||{{IPA|/daʁaʔ/}}||'land'
|-
|-
| masam muka || masé ccétun || sour face
|''sempit''||{{IPA|/səmpit/}}
|''sepik̚''||{{IPA|/sə̃peʔ/}} ||'narrow'
|}
Most Phineaner dialects and creoles especially in Phinbella are [[Wikipedia:Non-rhotic|non-rhotic]]. Because this creole is based on a mixture of Oranje and Taemhwanian dialects which are both non-rhotic, Scattered Frontier Creole is a creole that is more inclined to rule in the Oranje dialect i.e. using the guttural ‘r’ rule. In Scattered Frontier Creole, the letter /'''r'''/ at the initial and middle positions of the word is as commonly pronounced as the [[Wikipedia:French language|Alexandrian]] ‘r’ specifically, i.e. pronounced with the [[Wikipedia:Voiced uvular fricative|voiced uvular fricative]], ['''ʁ''']. It is very different from other dialects including Taemhwanian who usually pronounce it with velar fricative ['''ɣ'''].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sangat hangus || hangik pengik || very scorched
!'''Word'''
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole''' !!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
| sangat terik || panah jaté || very hot (Sun)
|''rasa''||{{IPA|/rasa/}}
|''ghasé''||{{IPA|[ʁasɛː]}}||'feel'
|-
|-
| sangat panas || hangak pija || very hot
|''ramai''
| {{IPA|/ramai̯/}}
|''ghamaь''~''ghama''||{{IPA|[ʁamaː]}}||'many'
|-
|-
| sangat sejuk || sejuk bedi || very cold
|''kereta''||{{IPA|/kəreta/}}
|''kegheté''||{{IPA|[kəʁetɛː]}}||'car'
|-
|-
| sangat kurus || kughuh gghehék || very thin (body)
|''serai''||{{IPA|/sərai̯/}}
|''seghaь''~''segha''||{{IPA|[səʁaː]}}||'lemongrass'
|}
|}
 
When the letter /'''r'''/ coda meets another consonant and possibly the letter /'''i'''/, it is directly added with the vowel letter ['''i'''] or ['''u'''] after it and there are some words that drop it. This rule can be abbreviated, where ['''əʁi'''] can be abbreviated to ['''i'''] and ['''əʁu'''] can be abbreviated to ['''u'''].
====Animals====
Scattered Frontier Malay also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Malay for some animals.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Standard Malay
!'''Word'''
! style="text-align: center;" | Scattered Frontier Malay
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! style="text-align: center;" | Meaning
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''!!'''Meaning'''
|-
|''permata''||{{IPA|/pərmata/}}
|''pematé''||{{IPA|[pəmatɛː]}}||'jewellery'
|-
|''kerja''
|{{IPA|/kərja/}}
|''keghijé''~''kijé''||{{IPA|[kəʁid͡ʒɛː]}}~{{IPA|[kid͡ʒɛː]}}||'work'
|-
| ''kerbau''||{{IPA|/kərbau̯/}}
|''keghubaь''~''kubaь''||{{IPA|[kəʁubaː]}}~{{IPA|[kubaː]}}||'buffalo'
|}
If the letter /-'''r'''/ is in the final position of the word and in the postvocalic mood, it will be dropped or deleted and the vowel letter lengthened, as [-'''ar'''] becomes [-'''aː'''].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| anjing || anjén || dog
!'''Word'''
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole''' !!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
| buaya || boyé || crocodile
|''benar''||{{IPA|/bənar/}}
| ''bena''||{{IPA|[bənaː]}}||'true'
|-
|-
| burung || boghong || bird
|''besar''
|{{IPA|/bəsar/}}
|''besa''
|{{IPA|[bəsaː]}}
|'big'
|-
|-
| cacing || cacén || worm
|''telur''
|{{IPA|/təlur/}}
|''telo''||{{IPA|[təloː]}}||'egg'
|-
|-
| cencurut || cencoghot || [[wikipedia:Malayan shrew|Malayan shrew]]
|''tidur''|| {{IPA|/tidur/}}
|''tido''||{{IPA|[tidoː]}}||'sleep'
|}
However, after the vowel /'''i'''/, it is also the same but is replaced by a close back rounded vowel [-'''uː'''], ie [-'''ir'''] is changed to [-'''iaː'''] or can be abbreviated to [-'''aː'''].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| harimau || ghima || tiger
!'''Word'''
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole''' !!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
| ikan haruan/gabus || anok marok/meghoh, <br>iké bocak/bujuk, <br>iké bado || [[wikipedia:Channa striata|snakehead murrel]]
|''pasir''||{{IPA|/pasir/}}
| ''pasia''~''pasya''||{{IPA|[pasiaː]}}~{{IPA|[paʃaː]}}||'sand'
|-
|-
| ikan temelian/tembelian || iké temoléh || ''[[wikipedia:Probarbus jullieni|Probarbus jullieni]]''
|''hilir''
|{{IPA|/hilir/}}
|''élia''~''éla''||{{IPA|[eliaː]}}~{{IPA|[elaː]}}||'downstream', 'lower'
|-
|-
| ikan tongkol || iké kayu || ''[[wikipedia:Euthynnus affinis|Euthynnus affinis]]''
|''cangkir''|| {{IPA|/t͡ɕaŋkir/}}
|''cangkia''~''cangka''||{{IPA|[t͡ɕãkiaː]}}~{{IPA|[t͡ɕãkaː]}}||'cup'
|}
In Scattered Frontier Creole, this is common on the final coda letter /-'''l'''/, where it is the same as the rule on the final coda /-'''r'''/ which is dropped or deleted, but this rule is also on after the vowel letter /'''i'''/. This rule occurs as follows, namely the suffix /-'''al'''/ is changed to [-'''aː'''], the suffix /-'''il'''/ is changed to [-'''iː'''] or [-'''eː'''], and the suffix /-'''ul'''/ is changed to [-'''uː'''] or [-'''oː'''].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| kala jengking || kalé llipit || scorpion
!'''Word'''
!'''Standard Phineaner'''
! colspan="2" |'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''!!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
| kambing || kambén || goat
|''pasal''||{{IPA|/pasal/}}
|''pasaь''||{{IPA|[pasaː]}}||'article', 'chapter'
|-
|-
| kelekatu || kkiuk || winged caste of [[wikipedia:termite|termite]]
|''tinggal''
|{{IPA|/tiŋɡal/}}
|''tinggaь''||{{IPA|[tiŋɡaː]}}||'leave'
|-
|-
| kerbau || koba/kuba || buffalo
|''panggil''
|{{IPA|/paŋɡil/}}
|''panggiь''~''panggéь''
|{{IPA|[paŋɡiː]}}~{{IPA|[paŋgeː]}}
|'to call'
|-
|-
| kerengga || konggé/kunggé || [[wikipedia:weaver ant|weaver ant]]
| ''betul''||{{IPA|/bətul/}}
|''betuь''~''betoь''||{{IPA|[bətuː]}}~{{IPA|[bətoː]}}||'right'
|}
 
==== Loanwords ====
Many phonological features are present in Scattered Frontier Creole known as Bamboo Phineaner, where this creole has words borrowed from Sangunese and Common Tongue and it can be distinguished in terms of the sounds included in each language and dialect, and the placement of those sounds. This is what is happening in Scattered Frontier Creole.
 
Some words taken from the Common Tongue are usually speakers more inclined to the Taemhwanian dialect as if the pronunciation is more inclined to the [[Wikipedia:Pronunciation of Japanese|pronunciation of Sangunese]] itself, for example ''engineer'' is referred to as ''enjinia'', ''absorber'' is referred to as ''saksoba'' or ''abusoba'', etc.
 
There are Common Tongue words with the final nasal consonant being changed i.e. not ending with a [[Wikipedia:Nasal coda|nasal coda]] (such as song, bun and cream respectively), instead it is added with the vowel letter ['''u'''] or ['''o'''] at the end of the word in Scattered Frontier Creole . For example, the word ''same'' (''sama'' in Phineaner) can be pronounced as ''saymo'' or ''sémo'', ''cream'' (''krim'' in Phineaner) is pronounced as ''krimu''. There are some loanwords that use this pattern rule, usually occurring in speakers in urban and suburban areas, perhaps linguists will study or find words to use this rule.
 
A change that has been shown in Scattered Frontier Creole relates to loanwords. Some words borrowed from Common Tongue will be added with the sound ‘ee’ ['''ɨ'''] at the end of the word in Scattered Frontier Creole. Loanwords such as the terms 'change' /t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ/, 'catch' /kæt͡ʃ/~/kɛt͡ʃ/, and 'speak' /spiːk/ can be pronounced as ''chan'''gee''''' (''cen'''jee''''') [t͡ʃẽ'''d͡ʒɨ'''], ''ket'''chee''''' (''kek'''cee''''') [kɛˀ'''t͡ʃɨ'''], and ''spea'''kie''''' (''spi'''kie''''') [spiː'''kɨ'''].
 
Due to its strong influence on the Sangunese language, the Creole speaker mimics some aspects of Common Tongue pronunciation by dropping vowels at the end of words. The word 'car' in Sangunese is ''jidōsha'' /d͡ʑido̞ːɕa̠/, but in Scattered Frontier Creole, the word is pronounced ''jidosh'' [d͡ʒidoːɕ]~[d͡ʒidoːʃ] or ''jidoh'' [d͡ʒidoːh].
 
=== Morphology ===
The [[Wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] documentation in Scattered Frontier Creole is somewhat incomplete, so the presence or absence of regulatory features in this speech is difficult for the speaker.
 
Due to the strong influence of Common Tongue and Sangunese, these morphological features often occur in this creole speech. Reference words or addresses of family members are also involved with this system of morphological features. One of the morphological features is [[Wikipedia:Compound (linguistics)|compounding]], which because of this it has little record in Scattered Frontier Creole. If observed otherwise, there is an [[Wikipedia:Affix|affixation]] shown on the words of the address has been observed better. The presence of the [[Wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] ''-san'' taken from Sangunese, is often attached to words or terms of reference and addresses borrowed from Common Tongue such as the words "papa", "mama", "boy", "girl" and "baby", or from Taemhwanian Phineaner such as "mek", "awe", "abe" and so on. Rules that use suffixes like this produce nouns such as ''mama-san'', ''papa-san'', ''baby-san'', ''abé-san'' and ''mék-san''.
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''
!Standard Phineaner
!Meaning
|-
|-
| kucing || kucén || cat
|''papa-san, beghapé hagé baghé ni?''
|''encik, berapa harga barang ini?''
|mister, how the price of this thing?
|-
|-
| labi-labi || jelebo || [[wikipedia:Trionychidae|softshell tortoise]]
|''coméy nyé baby-san ni weh!''
|''cantiknya awak ini, sayang!''
|you're so beautiful, my love!
|-
|-
| pepatung/sesibur || cakcibo/cikcibo || dragonfly
|''miké nok gi mané, abé-san?''
|''awak nak pergi mana, abang?''
|where are you going?
|}
The additional morphological properties shown in Scatered Frontier Phineaner are [[Wikipedia:Reduplication|reduplication]], where these rules usually use loanwords from Sangunese, Common Tongue or other languages, or even from Phineaner itself, because Phineaner himself already has reduplication rules, but compared to reduplication rules in Scatered Frontier Phineaner. Some examples of this rule show that this is not a true or complete reduplication, as there is no form of these words with only one root occurrence and the double word carries a different meaning generally also not on the original term. Among the examples that use this rule even though it is not true such as ''chop-chop'' means 'food', ''washee-washee'' means 'wash', ''damé-damé'' means 'bad', ''hubba-hubba'' or ''hungga-hungga'' means 'hurry' and also ''mano-mano'' or ''mané-mané'' means 'various'. There are also reduplication words that carry the meaning of the original terms such as ''macé-macé'' meaning 'sorts' and ''penin-penin'' meaning 'dizziness'.
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''
!Standard Phineaner
!Meaning
|-
|-
| pianggang || cenanga || ''Leptocoriza varicornis''
|''temé takdok duit nok beli chop-chop gini''
|''saya tak ada duit nak beli makanan''
|i don't have money to buy some food
|-
|-
| semut api || semuk ggata || [[wikipedia:fire ant|fire ant]]
|''demé ni jangé la dop hungga-hungga''
|''awak janganlah tergesa-gesa''
|you do not to be rush
|-
|-
| ular || ula || snake
|''aduh, penin-penin la palé aku''
|''aduh, terasa peninglah kepala aku''
|ouch, my head has feel dizzy
|}
|}


====Fruits and plants====
=== Syntax ===
Scattered Frontier Malay has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Malay.
Scattered Frontier Creole is no exception to the absence of significant inflections, yet it has a very broad vocabulary like most Phineaner dialects including Taemhwanian Phineaner and Oranje Phineaner, and even Betawi. However there are words that acquire a variety of grammatical functions that are usually from Sangunese loan words. Nouns often serve in such cases as initial uses in this speech, yet they are also used as verbs, adjectives or are sometimes used as adverbs. Examples of words shown below are:
 
* ''chop-chop –'' means 'food', also means 'to eat'.
* ''hayaku'' – means 'quickly' and 'hurry up'.
* ''oké'' – usually means 'okay', also means 'to fix' or 'to adjust'.
* ''sayonara'' – originally meant 'goodbye', but it meant 'absence' and 'to get rid of'.
* ''taksan'' – means 'much, many', 'very' and 'large'.
* ''ichiban'' – used to indicate relative or absolute superlatives.
 
=== Vocabulary ===
 
==== Basic words ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Scattered Frontier Creole'''
!Standard Phineaner
!Common Tongue Translation
|-
|''jamah''
|''pegang''
|'to hold'
|-
|''encin''
|''pakcik''
|'uncle'
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Standard Malay
|''goba''
! style="text-align: center;" | Scattered Frontier Malay
|''risau''
! style="text-align: center;" | Meaning
|'worried'
|-
|-
| cili || caba || chili
|''bacoi''
|''celupar''
|'sloopy'
|-
|-
| cili padi/api || caba bughong || [[wikipedia:Bird's eye chili|Bird's eye chili]]
|''ghohok''
|''susah''
| 'difficult'
|-
|-
| durian || doyé/deghoyé || [[wikipedia:durian|durian]]
|''ugé''
|''juga''
|'too'
|-
|-
| durian belanda || doyé/deghoyé mekoh/meghokoh || [[wikipedia:Annona muricata|soursop]]
|''guané''/''begimané''/''lagumané''
|''bagaimana''
|'how'
|-
|-
| kabung || kanto || [[wikipedia:sugar palm|sugar palm]]
|''kenapé''/''bakpé''
|''kenapa''/''mengapa''
|'why'
|-
|-
| kedondong || amra || ''[[wikipedia:Spondias dulcis|Spondias dulcis]]''
|''kekoh''
|''gigit''
|'to bite'
|-
|-
| kelapa || nyio || coconut
|''bacchiké''/''bacchikoi''
|''gelojoh''
|'ravenous'
|-
|-
| kerdas || geduok/genuok || ''Archidendron bubalinum''
|''babé''
|''ayah''
|'father'
|-
|-
| kuini || kuinén || [[wikipedia:Mangifera odorata|fragrant mango]]
|''sain''
|''teman''/''kawan''
|'friend'
|-
|-
| limau bali || lima tambun || pomelo
|''masa''
|''betulkah''
|'that's right'
|-
|-
| mangga || pelé/mempelé || mango
|''kupik''
|''kedekut''
|'greedy'
|-
|-
| manggis || manggeh || mangosteen
|''kesit''
|''sunyi''
|'quiet'
|-
|-
| mencupu/cerapu || ceghopu || ''[[wikipedia:Garcinia prainiana|Garcinia prainiana]]''
|''tubik''
|''keluar''
|'exit/out'
|-
|-
| petai || peta || ''[[wikipedia:Parkia speciosa|Parkia speciosa]]''
|''ghodi''/''kodi''
|''baiki''
|'to fix'
|-
|-
| rambutan || muté/ghomukué || [[wikipedia:rambutan|rambutan]]
|''mmupo''
| ''mandi sungai''
|'river bathing'
|-
|-
| tampoi || laghoh || ''[[wikipedia:Baccaurea macrocarpa|Baccaurea macrocarpa]]''
|''nnaté''
|}
|''binatang''
====Language flowers====
|'animal'
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Scattered Frontier Malay
|''blana''
! Standard Malay
|''banyak''
! Meaning
|'many'
|-
|-
| Yak!
|''gégé''
| Opocot! / Opps!
|''bising''
| Oops!
| 'noisy'
|-
|-
| Deh?
|''pétong''
| Ok?
|''baling''
| Okay? (Usually to ask for a blessing or approval.)
|'to throw'
|-
|-
| Dih?
|''berarakan''
| Ya? / Bukan?
|''berselerak''
| Yeah? / No?
|'scattered'
|-
|-
| Gak / Gok
|''gapé''/''apé''
| Habis tu... / Jadi...
|''apa''
| Then... / So...
|'what'
|-
|-
| Pah?
| ''tok''
| Habis tu... / Jadi...
|''bukan''
| Then... / So... (Not much.)
|'not'
|-
|-
| Ho (Sound goes up to the nose.)
| ''bétak''
| Ya lah...
|''kenyang''
| Of course...
|'full'
|-
|-
| Dock?
|''ghonoh''
| Bukan? / Betul tak?
|''punah''
| Isn't it? / Right? (The question.)
|'destroyed'
|-
|-
| Lamoké bulih pékdoh
|''gu''
| Nantikan nak kena nii..
|''sahabat''
| Look forward to it..
|'friend'
|-
|-
| Gelenya téh!
|''jeghombé''
| Miangnya!
|''sungkur''
| What a mess!
|'fall'
|-
|-
| Hok Aloh!
|''lenjun''
| Aduhai / Alahai
|''basah''
| Goodness
|'wet'
|}
|}Note(s):
==== The term is often misunderstood ====
*The spelling used for the '''Scattered Frontier Creole''' words is an [[Wikipedia:Eye dialect|eye dialect]].
==== Personal pronouns ====
Scattered Frontier Creole sometimes bears resemblance to [[Oranje Phineaner]] or [[Taemhwanian-Barbarite Phineaner]] for some personal pronouns, but differs from Standard Phineaner. Sometimes these creoles also have personal pronouns derived from Hokkien, Arboric or Sangunese. The suffix '-''me''<nowiki/>' indicates a plural pronoun, derived from Oranje Phineaner, and the suffix '-''me''<nowiki/>' is an abbreviation for the word ''semua'' which means ‘all’ in Phineaner. However, Scattered Frontier Creole uses only the Waeng Secretariat and Rouxville variants as opposed to the existing sub-dialects in Oranje Phineaner.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Scattered Frontier Creole Personal Pronouns
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Term
! colspan="2" |Type of pronoun
! colspan="2"| Meaning
!Scattered Frontier Creole
! rowspan="2"| Notes
!Meaning
|-
! Standard Malay
! English
|-
|-
| ''selalu''
! rowspan="3" |First person
| terus/segera
!|Singular
| keep going/immediately
|temé, kawé* (general),<br />awok (intimate), <br />kémé (familiar), <br />ayé, ambo*, ambé* (very polite),<br />aku (informal),<br />gué**, ané***
| Example: ''Wak slalu'' = do it immediately
|I, me
|-
|-
| ''rajin''
! rowspan="2" |Plural
| pernah
|kémé (general), <br />temanmé (rare)
| ever
|we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
| Example: ''Rajin gi'' = Have been to
|-
|-
| ''bujé''
|kité, kito*
| bujang
|we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
| single
| Still not married, young or virgin
|-
|-
| ''koté
! rowspan="2" |Second person
| kontang
!|Singular
| anhydrous
|miké, démé, démo* (general), <br />kamu, mu* (familiar), <br />komé (intimate),<br />lu**, énté***
| Example: ''Nyo koté'' = The fruitless coconut is very dry
|you, thou, thee
|-
|-
| ''patat''
!|Plural
| dasar
|komé (general), <br />mikémé, <br />démémé*, <br />démomé*,,<br />puak mu*
| basin
|you, y'all
| Example: ''Patat sungai'' = River basin
|-
|-
| ''[[wikipedia:Palm wine|Tuak]]''
! rowspan="2" |Third person
| nira
!|Singular
| palm wine
|dié/diyé, <br />démé*, démo* (familiar)
| non-alcoholic drinks
|he, she, him, her
|-
|-
| ''sia''
!|Plural
| sembuh
|démé* (general)
| heal
|they, them
| Sounds like ''sial'' (damn) or ''siar'' (spread)<br>Example: ''Luké ané nok sia doh'' = My wounds are healed<br>(Misunderstood: Luka saya nak siar [merebak] = My wounds want to spread)
|}
|}
''Notes:''<br/>
''* Influence of [[Taemhwanian-Barbarite Phineaner]]''<br/>
''** Influence of Hokkien''<br/>
''*** Influence of Arboric''


For example:
====Intensifiers====
 
====Language flowers====


Tourists from outside Kéijō get a boat rental service for go to Europa Island. This tourist are speaking in [[Pyeongrang Malay]] while this rental driver are speaking in Scattered Frontier Malay.
=== Gemination===


Tourists: Koi nak ke Pulo Eropa, pakman. (I want to go to Europa Island, uncle)</br>
Driver: Nok gi slalu nyé? (Want to go right now?)</br>
Tourists: Idak, baru skali je koi ke sane. (No, I just went there.)</br>
Driver: ????</br>
==Dialects and accents between native speakers==
==Dialects and accents between native speakers==
In this dialect there is also a slight difference of pronunciation from certain districts and regions where the suffix -'''ong''' and -'''eng''' are omitted or do not sound:
In this dialect there is also a slight difference of pronunciation from certain districts and regions where the suffix -'''ong''' and -'''eng''' are omitted or do not sound:
Line 509: Line 845:
#Duit syilling (coin/shillings)<br>i) sekél'''én'''<br>ii) sekél'''é'''
#Duit syilling (coin/shillings)<br>i) sekél'''én'''<br>ii) sekél'''é'''


It can be said that the curved speakers -'''o'''' and -'''e'''' are located on the rest of Rōmandé's speech area. There are dialect differences in this Scattered Frontier Malay in some areas but research needs to be done.
It can be said that the curved speakers -'''o'<nowiki/>''' and -'''e'''' are located on the rest of Rōmandé's speech area. There are dialect differences in this Scattered Frontier Phineaner in some areas but research needs to be done.
==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.scribd.com/document/413285935/Glosari-Orang-T-F-S-A-Dialek-Frontier-Romande Glosari Orang TFSA - Dialek Scattered Frontier/Frontier Romande]
*[https://www.scribd.com/document/413285935/Glosari-Orang-T-F-S-A-Dialek-Frontier-Romande Glosari Orang TFSA - Dialek Scattered Frontier/Frontier Romande]
==See also==
{{Phineaner dialects}}

Latest revision as of 04:48, 20 September 2023

{{{1}}} This article or section is a work in progress. The information below may be incomplete, outdated, or subject to change.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner
Bahasa Phineaner Scattered Frontier
Bahasa Phineaner Frontier Romande
Bamboo Phineaner
Spoken natively in Oriental Taemhwan Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area, Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō, few villages in Rintis Islands, Cyborges, Politama, Boninki Islands, Providenciales Bonin Islands and Seberang Pyojin and Springwind Islands, and the Scattered Islands and SSS islands diaspora
Ethnicity
Number of speakers 611,000
Language family

Creole

Writing system Latin
Source Oranje Phineaner, Taemhwanian Phineaner, Inland Terengganuan, Betawi, Taiwanese Hokkien, Arabic, Portuguese, Sangunese, Batavian
Dialects
  • Tromelinese
  • Geyserite-Eurekan
  • Thomian
  • Terre Adélie
  • Sabakian
  • Saint Martin
  • Eustakian
  • Toyoharan
Official status
Official language in Territory of Frontier Settlements Area; also statutory status in TFSA as one of the languages for public transport announcements and for the naturalisation test
Regulated by Ministry of Education in Republic of Oriental Hispanioéire Srieapska, Saint John, Rhodes and Ducie and relevant NGOs in Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area, Territory of Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki and Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands

Scattered Frontier Phineaner, also known as Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, Frontier Romande Phineaner or Bamboo Phineaner is an Oranje Phineaner-based creole and is the spoken language of the inhabitants of the Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō, and Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki Islands, where they are known as Spitsbergen Phineaner, Saint Martin Phineaner and Eustakian Phineaner, respectively. It is the mother tongue of the Scattered Islands Frontier Creole community of about 1 million speakers.

The term "Scattered Frontier Phineaner" is not a formal term as most people use this term, it is likely that most academics or linguists use the term "Bamboo Phineaner" or "Scatered Islands Phineaner". It is possible that some of its speakers regard this creole as a dialect, and some even regard it as a pidgin. It was first exported to parts of the Tri-State Area, Dinding Island including Providenciales, Plazas de Irian, Cyborges and Rintis Island as well as remote islands in the RP 2610s by migrants who came there, and it was used as a home speech only.

Scattered Frontier Phineaner is one of the most popular informal languages ​​in contemporary Phinbellan culture, it is used as the basis of slang in all three autonomous territorial units or in Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan, and is commonly used in TC-pop songs, local animation, Creole dramas and Télérōman.

There are distinctive phonetic, syntactic and lexical differences in this Scattered Frontier creole, even more subtle than other Phineaner accents or creoles. Scattered Frontier Phineaner is divided into ten types of dialects, they are also known colloquially by certain areas where they are spoken: namely Tromelinese dialect, Geyserite-Eurekan dialect, Thomian dialect, Terre Adélie dialect, Sabakian dialect, Saint Martin dialect, Eustakian dialect and Toyoharan dialect. Colloquial Kéijō Phineaner, is a vernacular form of the Taemhwanian dialect that has spread from Kéijō to parts of the Rōmande region, a small part of Oriental Taemhwan and some small parts of the Free area of the Federation especially in Orange Free State, and replaced the existing Taemhwanian sub-dialect and Oranje sub-dialect, have their roots in the Scattered Frontier Phineaner.

Background

Distribution map of languages spoken in Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan. Scattered Frontier Creole language spoken in and around Rōmandé area (aqua blue) is traditionally registered as Phineaner along with Taemhwanian Phineaner (red).

Many consider this creole to be a Phineaner dialect, while some consider it to be an evolved creole. These creoles were formed when the Westerner community and the slave class were respectively unable to communicate with each other especially with the Taemhwanian Phineaners, Oranje Phineaners or other bumiputera and Sangunese communities. It is believed to have resulted from a cultural mixing between Phineaners, slaves and Westerners, and created a Phineaner-based pidgin, with a mixture of words from the Taemhwanian and Oranje dialects, and loanwords of Westerners and Sangunese, as well as little Common Tongue grammatical structure and Sangunese. It was creolized even though it incorporated elements of Sundanese, Javanese, Batak or Mandailing, Banjarese, Balinese and Bugis, and subsequently passed down to the next generation as their mother tongue.

Scattered Frontier Phineaner has a large number of Betawi, Hokkien, Arboric, Common Tongue, Sangunese, Batavian, Portuguese, Isleños, Alexandrian loanwords. It was spoken along with a Sangunese-based creole, Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area Creole, and replaced a Batavian-based creole.

Pronouns are quite different according to their dialect variations. The pronouns temé or awok (i or me) and miké or komé (you) are derived from the Oranje dialect, especially the sub-dialects of Waeng Secretariat and Rouxville, the pronouns kawé or ambo and démo or démé are derived from the Taemhwanian dialect, while the personal pronouns gué and lu, as well as the numbers cépék (hundred), gopék (five hundred) and sécén (thousand) from the Hokkien language.

Classification

Varieties

Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner today is native to all three autonomous territorial units of Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan. Although it has different names and is not called by the same name in some areas, variations of the TFSA, the SSS Islands and the Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands are considered by speakers and linguists as a same creole.

There are several variations of Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speech, where the speech in Kéijō and urban areas is very different and has a strong influence with the Oranje Phineaner sub-dialect in Waeng Sekretariat but the word ending is a bit coarser than the original, or has a strong influence from Betawi creoles. While speech in the SSS Islands has a little closer to that of the Tromelin variant (especially Kéijō) than the Martin-de-Viviès variant however the SSS Islands variant is distinguished by intermediate vowels. Speech outside the Rōmande area has shared similarities with the SSS Islands variant and the Tromelin Atoll variant.

Dialects

Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner has eight dialects, and each dialect in this creole has a different phonology and influence as well as its vocabulary. but almost all dialects tend to pronounce a strong "e", yet the Terre Adélie and Toyohara dialects remain "a" like Indokistani, and are often pressed into "ah". Tromelinese dialect spoken in Tromelin Atoll including Kéijō are de facto standard dialect in the Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area and are often commonly used as speech in local animation, TC-pop and Télérōman.

Following are its eight dialects along with its speaking area:

Characteristics

Phonology

Vowels

Correspondence Rule

(SM ≙ SCM)

Standard Phineaner (Phinbellan)

(SM)

Scatered Frontier Phineaner

(SCM)

English Translation
Final /a/ with nasal coda ≙ Long nasal [ɛ̃ː] ayam /ajam/ ayé [ajɛ̃ː] 'chicken'
makan /makan/ maké [makɛ̃ː] 'to eat'
pisang /pisaŋ/ pisé [pisɛ̃ː] 'banana'
Final /a/ in open-ended words ≙ Long [ɛː] mata /mata/ maté [matɛː] 'eye'
kereta /kəreta/ keghété [kəʁetɛː] 'car'
Initial /ia/ ≙ Still initial [ia] biasa /biasa/ biasé [biasɛː] 'normal'
Open front unrounded vowel [a] siapa /siapa/ sapé [sapɛː] 'who'
/a/ in final /ah/ ≙ Open back unrounded [ɑ] rumah /rumah/ ghumoh [ʁumɑh] 'house'
sumpah /sumpah/ supoh [sũpɑh] 'swear'
/a/ in final /ak/ masak /masak/ masok [masɑʔ] 'cooking'
Initial /ua/ ≙ Still initial [ua] puasa /puasa/ puasé [puasɛː] 'fasting'
Final /ai/ ≙ Long [aː] sungai /suŋai/ sungaь [suŋaː] 'river'
Final /au/ pisau /pisau/ pisaь [pisaː] 'knife'

For Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speakers, in general these creoles are highly inclined to the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect spoken by the Phineaner community in the Taemhwanian Mainland and the State of Barbara. Normally, the suffixes /-an/, /-am/ and /-aŋ/ in Standard Phineaner will be replaced by the long nasal 'é' [-ɛ̃ː] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, it generally has an influence the Taemhwanian dialect itself, it is strongly distinguished by the suffix [-æ̃] dan [-aŋ] in the Gangwol dialect, the suffix [-aŋ] in the Shintaro dialect, or even the suffixes [-ai] and [-an] in other Phineaner dialects and creoles. For the word makan (eat) indicated by the phoneme /makan/ in Standard Phineaner, it is referred to as maké [makɛ̃ː] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner and Taemhwanian Phineaner.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
jalan /d͡ʒalan/ jalé [d͡ʒalɛ̃ː] 'road'
bukan /bukan/ buké [bukɛ̃ː] 'not'
dalam /dalam/ dalé [dalɛ̃ː] 'in'
peram /pəram/ peghé [pəʁɛ̃ː] 'peel'
tulang /tulaŋ/ tulé [tulɛ̃ː] 'bone'
petang /pətaŋ/ peté [pətɛ̃ː] 'evening'

Although Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is accustomed to the suffixes /-an/, /-am/ and /-aŋ/ changed to [-ɛ̃ː], Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a very distinctive creole compared to Taemhwanian Phineaner, it is because it distinguishes with the suffix /-a/ is replaced by a strong long 'é' [-ɛː] in Scattered Frontier Creole, it also has the influence of Oranje dialect, Shintaro Interior dialect or Betawi creole, it differs from [-ɑː] in Taemhwanian dialect as well as [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in other Phineaner dialects and creoles. Scattered Frontier Creole pronounces [-ɛː] very strongly and long, while Oranje Phineaner pronounces [-ɛ] softly especially in Waeng Secretariat. For example, the word mata (eye) with the phoneme /mata/ is pronounced as maté [matɛː] in Scattered Frontier Creole especially in urban areas and the surrounding islands. It seems that Scattered Frontier Creole is unique in that it has a vowel-raising rule that changes the Standard Phineaner vowel suffix /-a/ to [-ɛː] in its most dialects.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
apa /apa/ apé [apɛː] 'what'
mata /mata/ maté [matɛː] 'eye'
kenapa /kənapa/ kenapé [kənapɛː] 'why'
kita /kita/ kité [kitɛː] 'we', 'us', 'our' (inclusive)
rupa /rupa/ ghupé [ʁupɛː] 'look' (noun)
tanda /tanda/ tandé [tandɛː] 'sign'

However, unlike the Terre Adélie and Toyoharan dialects which retain the suffix /-a/ but with the pronunciation it is emphasized to 'ah' [-aː], for example saya (i or me) becomes sayah.

But there are exceptions to this rule, it will not apply to some words and it is considered common for other Phineaner dialects and creoles. Following is the table showing the exceptions to this rule.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
Kinta /kinta/ [kinta] Kinta (a settlement in Keinetsu Islands)
merdeka /mərdeka/ [məɾdeka] independent
bola /bola/ [bola] ball
beca /betʃa/ [betʃa] trishaw
lawa /lawa/ [lawa] pretty, good
maha /maha/ [maha] very (adj.), the most (superlative)

Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaners have diphthong changes in the suffixes /-ai/ and /-au/, and they are commonly articulated as various monophthong forms. Every dialect in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner where monophthong diphthongization can occur in the opposite situation. Changes to the suffixes /-ai/ and /-au/ in Standard Phineaner, usually directly changed to the suffix [-aː] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, the letters 'i' and 'u' are indeed dropped and replaced with the sign 'ь' and there are some who argue that it is directly dropped and need not be replaced by that sign, this pattern is similar to that found in the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect and the Oranje sub-dialect in most areas of the Waeng Secretariat, there are some dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole that change the suffixes /-ai/ and /-au/ where the last vowel sound /-i/ and/-u/ are articulated to some extent respectively, usually occurring in some villages as well as in rural areas or in the suburbs, however, it is likely that most of the villages, especially in urban areas in the Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area, use this monophthongization pattern that changes /-ai/ and /-au/ to [-aː] as usual. For example the suffix diphthong change in Scattered Frontier Creole where the word sungai (river) with the phoneme /suŋai̯/ in Standard Phineaner has been changed to sungaь [suŋaː] in Scattered Frontier Creole. The pattern of monophthongization phonetically differs according to dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole, yet mostly changes to the suffix [-aː].

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
gulai /gulai̯/ gulaь gula [gulaː] gulai (a traditional Phineaner cuisine)
kedai /kədai̯/ kedaь keda [kədaː] shop, store (noun)
sampai /sampai̯/ sapaь sapa [sãpaː] to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb)
risau /risau̯/ ghisaь ghisa [ʁisaː] to be worried
bangau /baŋau̯/ bangaь banga [baŋaː] stork
limau /limau̯/ limaь lima [limaː] lime

The pattern of /-ai̯/ converted to [-aː] is very limited to a few areas in most districts in the Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area and in Spitsbergen and the SSS Islands, usually in a few villages, urban and suburban areas or even on populated small islands in these two autonomous territorial units, this pattern is used. Whereas, it is possible that in some other villages, the speakers are more likely to pronounce in a form influenced by Betawi creole, or a form used in the Terre Adélie dialect.

Similar to the Oranje and Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialects, Scattered Frontier Creole also has pronunciations that occur in /a/ before the final coda /h/ and /k/ in open-ended words, where the pronunciation /a/ will be changed to a village pronunciation. or a particular placement, or even according to a particular linguist. The /a/ pattern is pronounced according to the villages, some villages pronounce it with open back unrounded [ɑ], while some villages including coastal areas or some small islands pronounce it with open-mid back rounded [ɔ], and some villages pronounce it with near-open central [ɐ]. In terms of spelling, "ah" and "ak" will be changed and replaced with "oh" and "ok", where it occurs in the Waeng Secretariat sub-dialect and the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
Word IPA
rumah /rumah/ ghumoh [ʁumɑh] [ʁumɔh] [ʁumɐh] 'house'
belah /bəlah/ beloh [bəlɑh] [bəlɔh] [bəlɐh] 'split'
pekak /pəkak/ pekok [pəkɑʔ] [pəkɔʔ] [pəkɐʔ] 'deaf'
campak /t͡ʃampak/ capok [t͡ʃãpɑʔ] [t͡ʃãpɔʔ] [t͡ʃãpɐʔ] 'throw'

The changes to the initials /ia/ and /ua/ in Scattered Frontier Creole are generally retained and will not be changed at all, it is almost the same as the Oranje dialect which is accustomed to retaining the pronunciation of the initials /ia/ and /ua/. It is not the same or different from the Taemhwanian-Barbarite, Gangwol or Shintarian dialects which change the initial pronunciations /ia/ and /ua/ to open-mid front [ɛ] or open front unrounded vowel [a] and open-mid [ɔ] respectively. For example, the word biasa (ordinary) becomes biasé and the word buaya (crocodile) becomes buayé.

Due to the influence of the Taemhwanian dialect, there are some words in the Standard Phineaner that are excluded from retaining the initial /ia/, instead it will be changed to open front unrounded vowel [a] is Scattered Frontier Creole, this is a pattern rule that doesn't occur in the Oranje dialect, and it occurs on some words in the Taemhwanian and Scattered Frontier Creole dialects. For example, the word siapa (who) with the phoneme /siapa/ in Standard Phineaner is changed to sapé [sapɛː] in Scattered Frontier Creole.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
siapa /siapa/ sapé [sapɛː] 'who'

It is possible that some linguists find that words that use this pattern are found only one word as shown in the table above, perhaps some words that use the pattern have not been ascertained and have not been found to study with the speaker.

Each of the eight dialects or variants in Scattered Frontier Creole has the characteristic of their respective phonological changes, this is because there is an influence from the Phineaner dialects spoken in Bahot or in Hulu Barbar, or in the interior of Sikin, this is due to the migration of people in the area to the southern coast and islands especially in the Scattered Islands and the Department Yapreayan Authorities, as well as in the SSS Islands. Each dialect can be distinguished through the following patterns of change. As noted, the Terre Adélie and Toyoharan dialects emphasize the suffix /-a/ to the point of becoming ‘ah’ [-aː]. In the Geyserite-Eurekan, Sabaki, Saint Martin and Eustaki dialects, speakers can distinguish the standard Tromelinese dialect by having the initials /e/ and /o/ changed to high vowels [i] and [u] in their dialect, such as the word ekor /ekor/ is changed to [ikuː], and the word esok /esok/ is changed to [isuʔ]. In the Thomian, Geyserite-Eurekan and Sabaki dialects, the /-ik/ suffix in Standard Phineaner will be changed to the [-aiʔ] suffix, for example the word tubik or tubek (out or exit) with phoneme [tubɛʔ] in the Tromelinese dialect is changed to tubaik [tubaiʔ]. There are some dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole that change the suffixes /-un/, /-um/, /-uŋ/ to the pronunciation [-aɔŋ] or the spelling '-aong', such as jagung /d͡ʒaguŋ/ being changed to jagaong [d͡ʒagaɔŋ], and the word turun /turun/ is changed to tughaong [tuʁaɔŋ]. In the Saint Martin and Toyohara dialects only the suffix /-aŋ/ is retained compared to the standard Tromeliniese dialect which becomes [-ɛ̃ː], among the examples are orang becoming ughang, pisang, tulang and sembahyang becoming semayang.

Consonants

Correspondence Rule

(SM ≙ SCM)

Standard Phineaner (Phinbellan)

(SM)

Scatered Frontier Phineaner

(SCM)

English Translation
Final coda /f/ ≙ Glottal fricative [h] maaf /ma.af/ maah [ma.ah] 'sorry'
Final coda /s/ panas /panas/ panah [panah] 'hot'
Initial and mid /r/ ≙ Uvular fricative [ʁ] reban /rəban/ ghebé [ʁəbɛ̃ː] 'coop'
rupa /rupa/ ghupé [ʁupɛː] 'look' (noun)
Mid coda /r/ ≙ Omitted permata /pərmata/ pematé [pəmatɛː] 'jewellery'
Final coda /l/ tinggal /tiŋɡal/ tinggaь [tiŋɡaː] 'leave'
Final coda /r/ after a vowel ≙ Omitted and long biar /biar/ bia [biaː] 'let'
besar /bəsar/ besa [bəsaː] 'big'
Final coda /r/ after i vowel ≙ Long [aː] fikir /fikir/ pikia [pikiaː] 'to think'
Final coda /p/ ≙ Glottal stop [ʔ] letup /lətup/ letuk̚ [lətuʔ] 'to explode'
Final coda /t/ sesat /səsat/ sesak̚ [səsaʔ] 'lost'
Final coda /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ after i vowel ≙ Alveolar nasal [n] mungkin /muŋkin/ mukïn [mũken] 'maybe'
kering /kəriŋ/ keghïn [kəʁen] 'dry'
alim /alim/ alïn [alen] 'pious'

Very different from the Taemhwanian dialect, but having similarities to the Oranje dialect, there is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Creole where it neutralizes the final nasal to the alveolar nasal i.e. the suffixes /-m/ and /-ŋ/ after the vowel letter /i/ or /e/ are neutralized to [-n], it is different from the Taemhwanian and Shintarian dialects which change the suffixes /-im/ and /-in/ to [-eŋ].

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
kering /kəriŋ/ keghïn [kəʁen] 'dry'
bengkeng /beŋkeŋ/ békïn [bɛ̃ken] 'fierce', 'livery', 'pugnacious'
kirim /kirim/ kïghïn [keʁen] 'to send', 'to post'
musim /musim/ musïn [musen] 'season'
alim /alim/ alïn [alen] 'pious'

In Scattered Frontier Creole, changes to the final coda suffixes /-s/ and /-f/ will be changed to glottal fricative [-h], just as nafas is changed to napah.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
muallaf /mu.alːaf/ maklah [maʔlah] convert to Umraism

saf

/sɑf/ soh [sɑh] Saff
sos /sos/ [sɔh] sauce
rampas /rampas/ ghampah [ʁãpah] confiscated
lepas /ləpas/ lepah [ləpah] release

Almost all Phineaner dialects and creoles in Phinbella have a glottal stop rule [-ʔ], as well as this creole where the rule occurs at the final coda suffixes /-p/ and /-t/, it may not be the same as the Betawi creole or the Oranje dialect in some villages.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
tetap /tətap/ tetak̚ /tətaʔ/ 'still'

sanggup

/saŋgup/ sangguk̚ /saŋguʔ/ 'willing'
darat /darat/ daghak̚ /daʁaʔ/ 'land'
sempit /səmpit/ sepik̚ /sə̃peʔ/ 'narrow'

Most Phineaner dialects and creoles especially in Phinbella are non-rhotic. Because this creole is based on a mixture of Oranje and Taemhwanian dialects which are both non-rhotic, Scattered Frontier Creole is a creole that is more inclined to rule in the Oranje dialect i.e. using the guttural ‘r’ rule. In Scattered Frontier Creole, the letter /r/ at the initial and middle positions of the word is as commonly pronounced as the Alexandrian ‘r’ specifically, i.e. pronounced with the voiced uvular fricative, [ʁ]. It is very different from other dialects including Taemhwanian who usually pronounce it with velar fricative [ɣ].

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
rasa /rasa/ ghasé [ʁasɛː] 'feel'
ramai /ramai̯/ ghamaь~ghama [ʁamaː] 'many'
kereta /kəreta/ kegheté [kəʁetɛː] 'car'
serai /sərai̯/ seghaь~segha [səʁaː] 'lemongrass'

When the letter /r/ coda meets another consonant and possibly the letter /i/, it is directly added with the vowel letter [i] or [u] after it and there are some words that drop it. This rule can be abbreviated, where [əʁi] can be abbreviated to [i] and [əʁu] can be abbreviated to [u].

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
permata /pərmata/ pematé [pəmatɛː] 'jewellery'
kerja /kərja/ keghijé~kijé [kəʁid͡ʒɛː]~[kid͡ʒɛː] 'work'
kerbau /kərbau̯/ keghubaь~kubaь [kəʁubaː]~[kubaː] 'buffalo'

If the letter /-r/ is in the final position of the word and in the postvocalic mood, it will be dropped or deleted and the vowel letter lengthened, as [-ar] becomes [-aː].

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
benar /bənar/ bena [bənaː] 'true'
besar /bəsar/ besa [bəsaː] 'big'
telur /təlur/ telo [təloː] 'egg'
tidur /tidur/ tido [tidoː] 'sleep'

However, after the vowel /i/, it is also the same but is replaced by a close back rounded vowel [-uː], ie [-ir] is changed to [-iaː] or can be abbreviated to [-aː].

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
pasir /pasir/ pasia~pasya [pasiaː]~[paʃaː] 'sand'
hilir /hilir/ élia~éla [eliaː]~[elaː] 'downstream', 'lower'
cangkir /t͡ɕaŋkir/ cangkia~cangka [t͡ɕãkiaː]~[t͡ɕãkaː] 'cup'

In Scattered Frontier Creole, this is common on the final coda letter /-l/, where it is the same as the rule on the final coda /-r/ which is dropped or deleted, but this rule is also on after the vowel letter /i/. This rule occurs as follows, namely the suffix /-al/ is changed to [-aː], the suffix /-il/ is changed to [-iː] or [-eː], and the suffix /-ul/ is changed to [-uː] or [-oː].

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
pasal /pasal/ pasaь [pasaː] 'article', 'chapter'
tinggal /tiŋɡal/ tinggaь [tiŋɡaː] 'leave'
panggil /paŋɡil/ panggiь~panggéь [paŋɡiː]~[paŋgeː] 'to call'
betul /bətul/ betuь~betoь [bətuː]~[bətoː] 'right'

Loanwords

Many phonological features are present in Scattered Frontier Creole known as Bamboo Phineaner, where this creole has words borrowed from Sangunese and Common Tongue and it can be distinguished in terms of the sounds included in each language and dialect, and the placement of those sounds. This is what is happening in Scattered Frontier Creole.

Some words taken from the Common Tongue are usually speakers more inclined to the Taemhwanian dialect as if the pronunciation is more inclined to the pronunciation of Sangunese itself, for example engineer is referred to as enjinia, absorber is referred to as saksoba or abusoba, etc.

There are Common Tongue words with the final nasal consonant being changed i.e. not ending with a nasal coda (such as song, bun and cream respectively), instead it is added with the vowel letter [u] or [o] at the end of the word in Scattered Frontier Creole . For example, the word same (sama in Phineaner) can be pronounced as saymo or sémo, cream (krim in Phineaner) is pronounced as krimu. There are some loanwords that use this pattern rule, usually occurring in speakers in urban and suburban areas, perhaps linguists will study or find words to use this rule.

A change that has been shown in Scattered Frontier Creole relates to loanwords. Some words borrowed from Common Tongue will be added with the sound ‘ee’ [ɨ] at the end of the word in Scattered Frontier Creole. Loanwords such as the terms 'change' /t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ/, 'catch' /kæt͡ʃ/~/kɛt͡ʃ/, and 'speak' /spiːk/ can be pronounced as changee (cenjee) [t͡ʃẽd͡ʒɨ], ketchee (kekcee) [kɛˀt͡ʃɨ], and speakie (spikie) [spiːkɨ].

Due to its strong influence on the Sangunese language, the Creole speaker mimics some aspects of Common Tongue pronunciation by dropping vowels at the end of words. The word 'car' in Sangunese is jidōsha /d͡ʑido̞ːɕa̠/, but in Scattered Frontier Creole, the word is pronounced jidosh [d͡ʒidoːɕ]~[d͡ʒidoːʃ] or jidoh [d͡ʒidoːh].

Morphology

The morphological documentation in Scattered Frontier Creole is somewhat incomplete, so the presence or absence of regulatory features in this speech is difficult for the speaker.

Due to the strong influence of Common Tongue and Sangunese, these morphological features often occur in this creole speech. Reference words or addresses of family members are also involved with this system of morphological features. One of the morphological features is compounding, which because of this it has little record in Scattered Frontier Creole. If observed otherwise, there is an affixation shown on the words of the address has been observed better. The presence of the suffix -san taken from Sangunese, is often attached to words or terms of reference and addresses borrowed from Common Tongue such as the words "papa", "mama", "boy", "girl" and "baby", or from Taemhwanian Phineaner such as "mek", "awe", "abe" and so on. Rules that use suffixes like this produce nouns such as mama-san, papa-san, baby-san, abé-san and mék-san.

Scattered Frontier Creole Standard Phineaner Meaning
papa-san, beghapé hagé baghé ni? encik, berapa harga barang ini? mister, how the price of this thing?
coméy nyé baby-san ni weh! cantiknya awak ini, sayang! you're so beautiful, my love!
miké nok gi mané, abé-san? awak nak pergi mana, abang? where are you going?

The additional morphological properties shown in Scatered Frontier Phineaner are reduplication, where these rules usually use loanwords from Sangunese, Common Tongue or other languages, or even from Phineaner itself, because Phineaner himself already has reduplication rules, but compared to reduplication rules in Scatered Frontier Phineaner. Some examples of this rule show that this is not a true or complete reduplication, as there is no form of these words with only one root occurrence and the double word carries a different meaning generally also not on the original term. Among the examples that use this rule even though it is not true such as chop-chop means 'food', washee-washee means 'wash', damé-damé means 'bad', hubba-hubba or hungga-hungga means 'hurry' and also mano-mano or mané-mané means 'various'. There are also reduplication words that carry the meaning of the original terms such as macé-macé meaning 'sorts' and penin-penin meaning 'dizziness'.

Scattered Frontier Creole Standard Phineaner Meaning
temé takdok duit nok beli chop-chop gini saya tak ada duit nak beli makanan i don't have money to buy some food
demé ni jangé la dop hungga-hungga awak janganlah tergesa-gesa you do not to be rush
aduh, penin-penin la palé aku aduh, terasa peninglah kepala aku ouch, my head has feel dizzy

Syntax

Scattered Frontier Creole is no exception to the absence of significant inflections, yet it has a very broad vocabulary like most Phineaner dialects including Taemhwanian Phineaner and Oranje Phineaner, and even Betawi. However there are words that acquire a variety of grammatical functions that are usually from Sangunese loan words. Nouns often serve in such cases as initial uses in this speech, yet they are also used as verbs, adjectives or are sometimes used as adverbs. Examples of words shown below are:

  • chop-chop – means 'food', also means 'to eat'.
  • hayaku – means 'quickly' and 'hurry up'.
  • oké – usually means 'okay', also means 'to fix' or 'to adjust'.
  • sayonara – originally meant 'goodbye', but it meant 'absence' and 'to get rid of'.
  • taksan – means 'much, many', 'very' and 'large'.
  • ichiban – used to indicate relative or absolute superlatives.

Vocabulary

Basic words

Scattered Frontier Creole Standard Phineaner Common Tongue Translation
jamah pegang 'to hold'
encin pakcik 'uncle'
goba risau 'worried'
bacoi celupar 'sloopy'
ghohok susah 'difficult'
ugé juga 'too'
guané/begimané/lagumané bagaimana 'how'
kenapé/bakpé kenapa/mengapa 'why'
kekoh gigit 'to bite'
bacchiké/bacchikoi gelojoh 'ravenous'
babé ayah 'father'
sain teman/kawan 'friend'
masa betulkah 'that's right'
kupik kedekut 'greedy'
kesit sunyi 'quiet'
tubik keluar 'exit/out'
ghodi/kodi baiki 'to fix'
mmupo mandi sungai 'river bathing'
nnaté binatang 'animal'
blana banyak 'many'
gégé bising 'noisy'
pétong baling 'to throw'
berarakan berselerak 'scattered'
gapé/apé apa 'what'
tok bukan 'not'
bétak kenyang 'full'
ghonoh punah 'destroyed'
gu sahabat 'friend'
jeghombé sungkur 'fall'
lenjun basah 'wet'

Note(s):

  • The spelling used for the Scattered Frontier Creole words is an eye dialect.

Personal pronouns

Scattered Frontier Creole sometimes bears resemblance to Oranje Phineaner or Taemhwanian-Barbarite Phineaner for some personal pronouns, but differs from Standard Phineaner. Sometimes these creoles also have personal pronouns derived from Hokkien, Arboric or Sangunese. The suffix '-me' indicates a plural pronoun, derived from Oranje Phineaner, and the suffix '-me' is an abbreviation for the word semua which means ‘all’ in Phineaner. However, Scattered Frontier Creole uses only the Waeng Secretariat and Rouxville variants as opposed to the existing sub-dialects in Oranje Phineaner.

Scattered Frontier Creole Personal Pronouns
Type of pronoun Scattered Frontier Creole Meaning
First person Singular temé, kawé* (general),
awok (intimate),
kémé (familiar),
ayé, ambo*, ambé* (very polite),
aku (informal),
gué**, ané*** 		I, me
Plural kémé (general),
temanmé (rare) 		we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
kité, kito* we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
Second person Singular miké, démé, démo* (general),
kamu, mu* (familiar),
komé (intimate),
lu**, énté*** 		you, thou, thee
Plural komé (general),
mikémé,
démémé*,
démomé*,,
puak mu* 		you, y'all
Third person Singular dié/diyé,
démé*, démo* (familiar) 		he, she, him, her
Plural démé* (general) they, them

Notes:
* Influence of Taemhwanian-Barbarite Phineaner
** Influence of Hokkien
*** Influence of Arboric

Intensifiers

Language flowers

Gemination

Dialects and accents between native speakers

In this dialect there is also a slight difference of pronunciation from certain districts and regions where the suffix -ong and -eng are omitted or do not sound:

i) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Kéijō), Bassas da Íeu'ryïan, Europa Island, Martin-de-Viviès, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Mongkos, Adelié Land dan part of the Rōmandé area. -on, -én

ii) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Flying Fish Cove, Kadok dan Nicho), Glorioso Islands, Islas del Tropico, Saint Croix, Surrender Point, Tanah Commodore, Saba, Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, Ulu Merapok, Sungai Merapok, Manchu, Bukit Puan, Tanah Sibagol, Undop, Sasa, Bukit Manang, Merambai, Limpaki, Merapok, Bangkatan, Ladang Lalang, Lempaki Tengah, Lempaki Asal, Languban and Patarikan. -o,-é

For example:

  1. Tolong (help)
    i) tulon
    ii) tulo
  2. Duit syilling (coin/shillings)
    i) sekélén
    ii) sekélé

It can be said that the curved speakers -o' and -e' are located on the rest of Rōmandé's speech area. There are dialect differences in this Scattered Frontier Phineaner in some areas but research needs to be done.

External links

See also

v • d • e
Dialects and creoles of the Phineaner language in Micras
Standard language
Phinbellan · Forajasakian · Indokistani and Petrosian · Matabese · Zyrkistani
Dialects
Trade languages and creoles
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