Scattered Frontier Phineaner
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This article or section is a work in progress. The information below may be incomplete, outdated, or subject to change. |
Scattered Frontier Phineaner, also known as Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, Frontier Romande Phineaner or Bamboo Phineaner is an Oranje Phineaner-based creole and is the spoken language of the inhabitants of the Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō, and Spitsbergen and Sabaki-Saint Martin-Eustaki Islands, where they are known as Spitsbergen Phineaner, Saint Martin Phineaner and Eustakian Phineaner, respectively. It is the mother tongue of the Scattered Islands Frontier Creole community of about 1 million speakers.
The term "Scattered Frontier Phineaner" is not a formal term as most people use this term, it is likely that most academics or linguists use the term "Bamboo Phineaner" or "Scatered Islands Phineaner". It is possible that some of its speakers regard this creole as a dialect, and some even regard it as a pidgin. It was first exported to parts of the Tri-State Area, Dinding Island including Providenciales, Plazas de Irian, Cyborges and Rintis Island as well as remote islands in the RP 2610s by migrants who came there, and it was used as a home speech only.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner is one of the most popular informal languages in contemporary Phinbellan culture, it is used as the basis of slang in all three autonomous territorial units or in Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan, and is commonly used in TC-pop songs, local animation, Creole dramas and Télérōman.
There are distinctive phonetic, syntactic and lexical differences in this Scattered Frontier creole, even more subtle than other Phineaner accents or creoles. Scattered Frontier Phineaner is divided into ten types of dialects, they are also known colloquially by certain areas where they are spoken: namely Tromelinese dialect, Geyserite-Eurekan dialect, Thomian dialect, Terre Adélie dialect, Sabakian dialect, Saint Martin dialect, Eustakian dialect and Toyoharan dialect. Colloquial Kéijō Phineaner, is a vernacular form of the Taemhwanian dialect that has spread from Kéijō to parts of the Rōmande region, a small part of Oriental Taemhwan and some small parts of the Free area of the Federation especially in Orange Free State, and replaced the existing Taemhwanian sub-dialect and Oranje sub-dialect, have their roots in the Scattered Frontier Phineaner.
Background
Many consider this creole to be a Phineaner dialect, while some consider it to be an evolved creole. These creoles were formed when the Westerner community and the slave class were respectively unable to communicate with each other especially with the Taemhwanian Phineaners, Oranje Phineaners or other bumiputera and Sangunese communities. It is believed to have resulted from a cultural mixing between Phineaners, slaves and Westerners, and created a Phineaner-based pidgin, with a mixture of words from the Taemhwanian and Oranje dialects, and loanwords of Westerners and Sangunese, as well as little Common Tongue grammatical structure and Sangunese. It was creolized even though it incorporated elements of Sundanese, Javanese, Batak or Mandailing, Banjarese, Balinese and Bugis, and subsequently passed down to the next generation as their mother tongue.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner has a large number of Betawi, Hokkien, Arboric, Common Tongue, Sangunese, Batavian, Portuguese, Isleños, Alexandrian loanwords. It was spoken along with a Sangunese-based creole, Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area Creole, and replaced a Batavian-based creole.
Pronouns are quite different according to their dialect variations. The pronouns temé or awok (i or me) and miké or komé (you) are derived from the Oranje dialect, especially the sub-dialects of Waeng Secretariat and Rouxville, the pronouns kawé or ambo and démo or démé are derived from the Taemhwanian dialect, while the personal pronouns gué and lu, as well as the numbers cépék (hundred), gopék (five hundred) and sécén (thousand) from the Hokkien language.
Classification
Varieties
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner today is native to all three autonomous territorial units of Oriental Hispanioéire Taemhwan. Although it has different names and is not called by the same name in some areas, variations of the TFSA, the SSS Islands and the Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands are considered by speakers and linguists as a same creole.
There are several variations of Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speech, where the speech in Kéijō and urban areas is very different and has a strong influence with the Oranje Phineaner sub-dialect in Waeng Sekretariat but the word ending is a bit coarser than the original, or has a strong influence from Betawi creoles. While speech in the SSS Islands has a little closer to that of the Tromelin variant (especially Kéijō) than the Martin-de-Viviès variant however the SSS Islands variant is distinguished by intermediate vowels. Speech outside the Rōmande area has shared similarities with the SSS Islands variant and the Tromelin Atoll variant.
Dialects
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner has eight dialects, and each dialect in this creole has a different phonology and influence as well as its vocabulary. but almost all dialects tend to pronounce a strong "e", yet the Terre Adélie and Toyohara dialects remain "a" like Indokistani, and are often pressed into "ah". Tromelinese dialect spoken in Tromelin Atoll including Kéijō are de facto standard dialect in the Territory of Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area and are often commonly used as speech in local animation, TC-pop and Télérōman.
Following are its eight dialects along with its speaking area:
- Tromelinese dialect - spoken in Tromelin Atoll (Kéijō, Flying Fish Cove, Kadok dan Nicho), Bassas da Íeu'ryïan, Yeop Takiyouki Island, Île du Langkis, Saint Croix, part of John Ni Island, also in coast of the Padang Terap, Panglima Bayu, Sungai Chor and Sarkies-Masan, as well as in urban area of Keijinshin Metropolitan Region.
- Geyserite-Eurekan dialect - spoken in Glorioso Islands (including Gaisaru Bank, Batuan Tengah and Isla del Verde), Eureka Island, Islas del Tropico, part of John Ni Island, and Department Yapreay Authorities, as well as in urban area of Keijinshin Metropolitan Region.
- Thomian dialect - spoken in Gugusan Kanthō-Keinetsu and Amsterdam Islands including Martin-de-Viviès and surroundings, also in some villages in Ulu Merapok, Sungai Merapok, Manchu and Bukit Puan, also in Spitsbergen Island.
- Terre Adélie dialect - spoken in Tanah Adélie including Tanah Commodore, Kuala Koh and surrounding, some villages in Tanah Sibagol, Undop, Sasa, Bukit Manang, Merambai, Limpaki and Merapok (Gugusan Kanthō-Keinetsu and Amsterdam Islands).
- Sabakian dialect - spoken in Sabaki Islands, and some villages in Bangkatan, Ladang Lalang, Lempaki Tengah, Lempaki Asal, Languban and Patarikan (Spitsbergen Island).
- Saint Martin dialect - spoken in Saint Martin Islands.
- Eustakian dialect - spoken in Eustaki Island.
- Toyoharan dialect - spoken in Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō Islands, also in part of Rintis Island and Cyborges.
Characteristics
Phonology
Vowels
| Correspondence Rule
(SM ≙ SCM) |
Standard Phineaner (Phinbellan)
(SM) |
Scatered Frontier Phineaner
(SCM) |
English Translation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final /a/ with nasal coda | ≙ | Long nasal [ɛ̃ː] | ayam | /ajam/ | ayé | [ajɛ̃ː] | 'chicken' |
| makan | /makan/ | maké | [makɛ̃ː] | 'to eat' | |||
| pisang | /pisaŋ/ | pisé | [pisɛ̃ː] | 'banana' | |||
| Final /a/ in open-ended words | ≙ | Long [ɛː] | mata | /mata/ | maté | [matɛː] | 'eye' |
| kereta | /kəreta/ | keghété | [kəʁetɛː] | 'car' | |||
| Initial /ia/ | ≙ | Still initial [ia] | biasa | /biasa/ | biasé | [biasɛː] | 'normal' |
| Open front unrounded vowel [a] | siapa | /siapa/ | sapé | [sapɛː] | 'who' | ||
| /a/ in final /ah/ | ≙ | Open back unrounded [ɑ] | rumah | /rumah/ | ghumoh | [ʁumɑh] | 'house' |
| sumpah | /sumpah/ | supoh | [sũpɑh] | 'swear' | |||
| /a/ in final /ak/ | masak | /masak/ | masok | [masɑʔ] | 'cooking' | ||
| Initial /ua/ | ≙ | Still initial [ua] | puasa | /puasa/ | puasé | [puasɛː] | 'fasting' |
| Final /ai/ | ≙ | Long [aː] | sungai | /suŋai/ | sungaь | [suŋaː] | 'river' |
| Final /au/ | pisau | /pisau/ | pisaь | [pisaː] | 'knife' | ||
For Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speakers, in general these creoles are highly inclined to the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect spoken by the Phineaner community in the Taemhwanian Mainland and the State of Barbara. Normally, the suffixes /-an/, /-am/ and /-aŋ/ in Standard Phineaner will be replaced by the long nasal 'é' [-ɛ̃ː] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, it generally has an influence the Taemhwanian dialect itself, it is strongly distinguished by the suffix [-æ̃] dan [-aŋ] in the Gangwol dialect, the suffix [-aŋ] in the Shintaro dialect, or even the suffixes [-ai] and [-an] in other Phineaner dialects and creoles. For the word makan (eat) indicated by the phoneme /makan/ in Standard Phineaner, it is referred to as maké [makɛ̃ː] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner and Taemhwanian Phineaner.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| jalan | /d͡ʒalan/ | jalé | [d͡ʒalɛ̃ː] | 'road' |
| bukan | /bukan/ | buké | [bukɛ̃ː] | 'not' |
| dalam | /dalam/ | dalé | [dalɛ̃ː] | 'in' |
| peram | /pəram/ | peghé | [pəʁɛ̃ː] | 'peel' |
| tulang | /tulaŋ/ | tulé | [tulɛ̃ː] | 'bone' |
| petang | /pətaŋ/ | peté | [pətɛ̃ː] | 'evening' |
Although Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is accustomed to the suffixes /-an/, /-am/ and /-aŋ/ changed to [-ɛ̃ː], Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a very distinctive creole compared to Taemhwanian Phineaner, it is because it distinguishes with the suffix /-a/ is replaced by a strong long 'é' [-ɛː] in Scattered Frontier Creole, it also has the influence of Oranje dialect, Shintaro Interior dialect or Betawi creole, it differs from [-ɑː] in Taemhwanian dialect as well as [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in other Phineaner dialects and creoles. Scattered Frontier Creole pronounces [-ɛː] very strongly and long, while Oranje Phineaner pronounces [-ɛ] softly especially in Waeng Secretariat. For example, the word mata (eye) with the phoneme /mata/ is pronounced as maté [matɛː] in Scattered Frontier Creole especially in urban areas and the surrounding islands. It seems that Scattered Frontier Creole is unique in that it has a vowel-raising rule that changes the Standard Phineaner vowel suffix /-a/ to [-ɛː] in its most dialects.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| apa | /apa/ | apé | [apɛː] | 'what' |
| mata | /mata/ | maté | [matɛː] | 'eye' |
| kenapa | /kənapa/ | kenapé | [kənapɛː] | 'why' |
| kita | /kita/ | kité | [kitɛː] | 'we', 'us', 'our' (inclusive) |
| rupa | /rupa/ | ghupé | [ʁupɛː] | 'look' (noun) |
| tanda | /tanda/ | tandé | [tandɛː] | 'sign' |
However, unlike the Terre Adélie and Toyoharan dialects which retain the suffix /-a/ but with the pronunciation it is emphasized to 'ah' [-aː], for example saya (i or me) becomes sayah.
But there are exceptions to this rule, it will not apply to some words and it is considered common for other Phineaner dialects and creoles. Following is the table showing the exceptions to this rule.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinta | /kinta/ | [kinta] | Kinta (a settlement in Keinetsu Islands) |
| merdeka | /mərdeka/ | [məɾdeka] | independent |
| bola | /bola/ | [bola] | ball |
| beca | /betʃa/ | [betʃa] | trishaw |
| lawa | /lawa/ | [lawa] | pretty, good |
| maha | /maha/ | [maha] | very (adj.), the most (superlative) |
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaners have diphthong changes in the suffixes /-ai/ and /-au/, and they are commonly articulated as various monophthong forms. Every dialect in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner where monophthong diphthongization can occur in the opposite situation. Changes to the suffixes /-ai/ and /-au/ in Standard Phineaner, usually directly changed to the suffix [-aː] in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, the letters 'i' and 'u' are indeed dropped and replaced with the sign 'ь' and there are some who argue that it is directly dropped and need not be replaced by that sign, this pattern is similar to that found in the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect and the Oranje sub-dialect in most areas of the Waeng Secretariat, there are some dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole that change the suffixes /-ai/ and /-au/ where the last vowel sound /-i/ and/-u/ are articulated to some extent respectively, usually occurring in some villages as well as in rural areas or in the suburbs, however, it is likely that most of the villages, especially in urban areas in the Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area, use this monophthongization pattern that changes /-ai/ and /-au/ to [-aː] as usual. For example the suffix diphthong change in Scattered Frontier Creole where the word sungai (river) with the phoneme /suŋai̯/ in Standard Phineaner has been changed to sungaь [suŋaː] in Scattered Frontier Creole. The pattern of monophthongization phonetically differs according to dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole, yet mostly changes to the suffix [-aː].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gulai | /gulai̯/ | gulaь | gula | [gulaː] | gulai (a traditional Phineaner cuisine) |
| kedai | /kədai̯/ | kedaь | keda | [kədaː] | shop, store (noun) |
| sampai | /sampai̯/ | sapaь | sapa | [sãpaː] | to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb) |
| risau | /risau̯/ | ghisaь | ghisa | [ʁisaː] | to be worried |
| bangau | /baŋau̯/ | bangaь | banga | [baŋaː] | stork |
| limau | /limau̯/ | limaь | lima | [limaː] | lime |
The pattern of /-ai̯/ converted to [-aː] is very limited to a few areas in most districts in the Taemhwanian Frontier Settlements Area and in Spitsbergen and the SSS Islands, usually in a few villages, urban and suburban areas or even on populated small islands in these two autonomous territorial units, this pattern is used. Whereas, it is possible that in some other villages, the speakers are more likely to pronounce in a form influenced by Betawi creole, or a form used in the Terre Adélie dialect.
Similar to the Oranje and Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialects, Scattered Frontier Creole also has pronunciations that occur in /a/ before the final coda /h/ and /k/ in open-ended words, where the pronunciation /a/ will be changed to a village pronunciation. or a particular placement, or even according to a particular linguist. The /a/ pattern is pronounced according to the villages, some villages pronounce it with open back unrounded [ɑ], while some villages including coastal areas or some small islands pronounce it with open-mid back rounded [ɔ], and some villages pronounce it with near-open central [ɐ]. In terms of spelling, "ah" and "ak" will be changed and replaced with "oh" and "ok", where it occurs in the Waeng Secretariat sub-dialect and the Taemhwanian-Barbarite dialect.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Word | IPA | |||||
| rumah | /rumah/ | ghumoh | [ʁumɑh] | [ʁumɔh] | [ʁumɐh] | 'house' |
| belah | /bəlah/ | beloh | [bəlɑh] | [bəlɔh] | [bəlɐh] | 'split' |
| pekak | /pəkak/ | pekok | [pəkɑʔ] | [pəkɔʔ] | [pəkɐʔ] | 'deaf' |
| campak | /t͡ʃampak/ | capok | [t͡ʃãpɑʔ] | [t͡ʃãpɔʔ] | [t͡ʃãpɐʔ] | 'throw' |
The changes to the initials /ia/ and /ua/ in Scattered Frontier Creole are generally retained and will not be changed at all, it is almost the same as the Oranje dialect which is accustomed to retaining the pronunciation of the initials /ia/ and /ua/. It is not the same or different from the Taemhwanian-Barbarite, Gangwol or Shintarian dialects which change the initial pronunciations /ia/ and /ua/ to open-mid front [ɛ] or open front unrounded vowel [a] and open-mid [ɔ] respectively. For example, the word biasa (ordinary) becomes biasé and the word buaya (crocodile) becomes buayé.
Due to the influence of the Taemhwanian dialect, there are some words in the Standard Phineaner that are excluded from retaining the initial /ia/, instead it will be changed to open front unrounded vowel [a] is Scattered Frontier Creole, this is a pattern rule that doesn't occur in the Oranje dialect, and it occurs on some words in the Taemhwanian and Scattered Frontier Creole dialects. For example, the word siapa (who) with the phoneme /siapa/ in Standard Phineaner is changed to sapé [sapɛː] in Scattered Frontier Creole.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| siapa | /siapa/ | sapé | [sapɛː] | 'who' |
It is possible that some linguists find that words that use this pattern are found only one word as shown in the table above, perhaps some words that use the pattern have not been ascertained and have not been found to study with the speaker.
Each of the eight dialects or variants in Scattered Frontier Creole has the characteristic of their respective phonological changes, this is because there is an influence from the Phineaner dialects spoken in Bahot or in Hulu Barbar, or in the interior of Sikin, this is due to the migration of people in the area to the southern coast and islands especially in the Scattered Islands and the Department Yapreayan Authorities, as well as in the SSS Islands. Each dialect can be distinguished through the following patterns of change. As noted, the Terre Adélie and Toyoharan dialects emphasize the suffix /-a/ to the point of becoming ‘ah’ [-aː]. In the Geyserite-Eurekan, Sabaki, Saint Martin and Eustaki dialects, speakers can distinguish the standard Tromelinese dialect by having the initials /e/ and /o/ changed to high vowels [i] and [u] in their dialect, such as the word ekor /ekor/ is changed to [ikuː], and the word esok /esok/ is changed to [isuʔ]. In the Thomian, Geyserite-Eurekan and Sabaki dialects, the /-ik/ suffix in Standard Phineaner will be changed to the [-aiʔ] suffix, for example the word tubik or tubek (out or exit) with phoneme [tubɛʔ] in the Tromelinese dialect is changed to tubaik [tubaiʔ]. There are some dialects in Scattered Frontier Creole that change the suffixes /-un/, /-um/, /-uŋ/ to the pronunciation [-aɔŋ] or the spelling '-aong', such as jagung /d͡ʒaguŋ/ being changed to jagaong [d͡ʒagaɔŋ], and the word turun /turun/ is changed to tughaong [tuʁaɔŋ]. In the Saint Martin and Toyohara dialects only the suffix /-aŋ/ is retained compared to the standard Tromeliniese dialect which becomes [-ɛ̃ː], among the examples are orang becoming ughang, pisang, tulang and sembahyang becoming semayang.
Consonants
| Correspondence Rule
(SM ≙ SCM) |
Standard Phineaner (Phinbellan)
(SM) |
Scatered Frontier Phineaner
(SCM) |
English Translation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final coda /f/ | ≙ | Glottal fricative [h] | maaf | /ma.af/ | maah | [ma.ah] | 'sorry' |
| Final coda /s/ | panas | /panas/ | panah | [panah] | 'hot' | ||
| Initial and mid /r/ | ≙ | Uvular fricative [ʁ] | reban | /rəban/ | ghebé | [ʁəbɛ̃ː] | 'coop' |
| rupa | /rupa/ | ghupé | [ʁupɛː] | 'look' (noun) | |||
| Mid coda /r/ | ≙ | Omitted | permata | /pərmata/ | pematé | [pəmatɛː] | 'jewellery' |
| Final coda /l/ | tinggal | /tiŋɡal/ | tinggaь | [tiŋɡaː] | 'leave' | ||
| Final coda /r/ after a vowel | ≙ | Omitted and long | biar | /biar/ | bia | [biaː] | 'let' |
| besar | /bəsar/ | besa | [bəsaː] | 'big' | |||
| Final coda /r/ after i vowel | ≙ | Long [aː] | fikir | /fikir/ | pikia | [pikiaː] | 'to think' |
| Final coda /p/ | ≙ | Glottal stop [ʔ] | letup | /lətup/ | letuk̚ | [lətuʔ] | 'to explode' |
| Final coda /t/ | sesat | /səsat/ | sesak̚ | [səsaʔ] | 'lost' | ||
| Final coda /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ after i vowel | ≙ | Alveolar nasal [n] | mungkin | /muŋkin/ | mukïn | [mũken] | 'maybe' |
| kering | /kəriŋ/ | keghïn | [kəʁen] | 'dry' | |||
| alim | /alim/ | alïn | [alen] | 'pious' | |||
Very different from the Taemhwanian dialect, but having similarities to the Oranje dialect, there is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Creole where it neutralizes the final nasal to the alveolar nasal i.e. the suffixes /-m/ and /-ŋ/ after the vowel letter /i/ or /e/ are neutralized to [-n], it is different from the Taemhwanian and Shintarian dialects which change the suffixes /-im/ and /-in/ to [-eŋ].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kering | /kəriŋ/ | keghïn | [kəʁen] | 'dry' |
| bengkeng | /beŋkeŋ/ | békïn | [bɛ̃ken] | 'fierce', 'livery', 'pugnacious' |
| kirim | /kirim/ | kïghïn | [keʁen] | 'to send', 'to post' |
| musim | /musim/ | musïn | [musen] | 'season' |
| alim | /alim/ | alïn | [alen] | 'pious' |
In Scattered Frontier Creole, changes to the final coda suffixes /-s/ and /-f/ will be changed to glottal fricative [-h], just as nafas is changed to napah.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| muallaf | /mu.alːaf/ | maklah | [maʔlah] | convert to Umraism |
|
saf |
/sɑf/ | soh | [sɑh] | Saff |
| sos | /sos/ | [sɔh] | sauce | |
| rampas | /rampas/ | ghampah | [ʁãpah] | confiscated |
| lepas | /ləpas/ | lepah | [ləpah] | release |
Almost all Phineaner dialects and creoles in Phinbella have a glottal stop rule [-ʔ], as well as this creole where the rule occurs at the final coda suffixes /-p/ and /-t/, it may not be the same as the Betawi creole or the Oranje dialect in some villages.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tetap | /tətap/ | tetak̚ | /tətaʔ/ | 'still' |
|
sanggup |
/saŋgup/ | sangguk̚ | /saŋguʔ/ | 'willing' |
| darat | /darat/ | daghak̚ | /daʁaʔ/ | 'land' |
| sempit | /səmpit/ | sepik̚ | /sə̃peʔ/ | 'narrow' |
Most Phineaner dialects and creoles especially in Phinbella are non-rhotic. Because this creole is based on a mixture of Oranje and Taemhwanian dialects which are both non-rhotic, Scattered Frontier Creole is a creole that is more inclined to rule in the Oranje dialect i.e. using the guttural ‘r’ rule. In Scattered Frontier Creole, the letter /r/ at the initial and middle positions of the word is as commonly pronounced as the Alexandrian ‘r’ specifically, i.e. pronounced with the voiced uvular fricative, [ʁ]. It is very different from other dialects including Taemhwanian who usually pronounce it with velar fricative [ɣ].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rasa | /rasa/ | ghasé | [ʁasɛː] | 'feel' |
| ramai | /ramai̯/ | ghamaь~ghama | [ʁamaː] | 'many' |
| kereta | /kəreta/ | kegheté | [kəʁetɛː] | 'car' |
| serai | /sərai̯/ | seghaь~segha | [səʁaː] | 'lemongrass' |
When the letter /r/ coda meets another consonant and possibly the letter /i/, it is directly added with the vowel letter [i] or [u] after it and there are some words that drop it. This rule can be abbreviated, where [əʁi] can be abbreviated to [i] and [əʁu] can be abbreviated to [u].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| permata | /pərmata/ | pematé | [pəmatɛː] | 'jewellery' |
| kerja | /kərja/ | keghijé~kijé | [kəʁid͡ʒɛː]~[kid͡ʒɛː] | 'work' |
| kerbau | /kərbau̯/ | keghubaь~kubaь | [kəʁubaː]~[kubaː] | 'buffalo' |
If the letter /-r/ is in the final position of the word and in the postvocalic mood, it will be dropped or deleted and the vowel letter lengthened, as [-ar] becomes [-aː].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| benar | /bənar/ | bena | [bənaː] | 'true' |
| besar | /bəsar/ | besa | [bəsaː] | 'big' |
| telur | /təlur/ | telo | [təloː] | 'egg' |
| tidur | /tidur/ | tido | [tidoː] | 'sleep' |
However, after the vowel /i/, it is also the same but is replaced by a close back rounded vowel [-uː], ie [-ir] is changed to [-iaː] or can be abbreviated to [-aː].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pasir | /pasir/ | pasia~pasya | [pasiaː]~[paʃaː] | 'sand' |
| hilir | /hilir/ | élia~éla | [eliaː]~[elaː] | 'downstream', 'lower' |
| cangkir | /t͡ɕaŋkir/ | cangkia~cangka | [t͡ɕãkiaː]~[t͡ɕãkaː] | 'cup' |
In Scattered Frontier Creole, this is common on the final coda letter /-l/, where it is the same as the rule on the final coda /-r/ which is dropped or deleted, but this rule is also on after the vowel letter /i/. This rule occurs as follows, namely the suffix /-al/ is changed to [-aː], the suffix /-il/ is changed to [-iː] or [-eː], and the suffix /-ul/ is changed to [-uː] or [-oː].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pasal | /pasal/ | pasaь | [pasaː] | 'article', 'chapter' |
| tinggal | /tiŋɡal/ | tinggaь | [tiŋɡaː] | 'leave' |
| panggil | /paŋɡil/ | panggiь~panggéь | [paŋɡiː]~[paŋgeː] | 'to call' |
| betul | /bətul/ | betuь~betoь | [bətuː]~[bətoː] | 'right' |
Loanwords
Many phonological features are present in Scattered Frontier Creole known as Bamboo Phineaner, where this creole has words borrowed from Sangunese and Common Tongue and it can be distinguished in terms of the sounds included in each language and dialect, and the placement of those sounds. This is what is happening in Scattered Frontier Creole.
Some words taken from the Common Tongue are usually speakers more inclined to the Taemhwanian dialect as if the pronunciation is more inclined to the pronunciation of Sangunese itself, for example engineer is referred to as enjinia, absorber is referred to as saksoba or abusoba, etc.
There are Common Tongue words with the final nasal consonant being changed i.e. not ending with a nasal coda (such as song, bun and cream respectively), instead it is added with the vowel letter [u] or [o] at the end of the word in Scattered Frontier Creole . For example, the word same (sama in Phineaner) can be pronounced as saymo or sémo, cream (krim in Phineaner) is pronounced as krimu. There are some loanwords that use this pattern rule, usually occurring in speakers in urban and suburban areas, perhaps linguists will study or find words to use this rule.
A change that has been shown in Scattered Frontier Creole relates to loanwords. Some words borrowed from Common Tongue will be added with the sound ‘ee’ [ɨ] at the end of the word in Scattered Frontier Creole. Loanwords such as the terms 'change' /t͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒ/, 'catch' /kæt͡ʃ/~/kɛt͡ʃ/, and 'speak' /spiːk/ can be pronounced as changee (cenjee) [t͡ʃẽd͡ʒɨ], ketchee (kekcee) [kɛˀt͡ʃɨ], and speakie (spikie) [spiːkɨ].
Due to its strong influence on the Sangunese language, the Creole speaker mimics some aspects of Common Tongue pronunciation by dropping vowels at the end of words. The word 'car' in Sangunese is jidōsha /d͡ʑido̞ːɕa̠/, but in Scattered Frontier Creole, the word is pronounced jidosh [d͡ʒidoːɕ]~[d͡ʒidoːʃ] or jidoh [d͡ʒidoːh].
Morphology
The morphological documentation in Scattered Frontier Creole is somewhat incomplete, so the presence or absence of regulatory features in this speech is difficult for the speaker.
Due to the strong influence of Common Tongue and Sangunese, these morphological features often occur in this creole speech. Reference words or addresses of family members are also involved with this system of morphological features. One of the morphological features is compounding, which because of this it has little record in Scattered Frontier Creole. If observed otherwise, there is an affixation shown on the words of the address has been observed better. The presence of the suffix -san taken from Sangunese, is often attached to words or terms of reference and addresses borrowed from Common Tongue such as the words "papa", "mama", "boy", "girl" and "baby", or from Taemhwanian Phineaner such as "mek", "awe", "abe" and so on. Rules that use suffixes like this produce nouns such as mama-san, papa-san, baby-san, abé-san and mék-san.
| Scattered Frontier Creole | Standard Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| papa-san, beghapé hagé baghé ni? | encik, berapa harga barang ini? | mister, how the price of this thing? |
| coméy nyé baby-san ni weh! | cantiknya awak ini, sayang! | you're so beautiful, my love! |
| miké nok gi mané, abé-san? | awak nak pergi mana, abang? | where are you going? |
The additional morphological properties shown in Scatered Frontier Phineaner are reduplication, where these rules usually use loanwords from Sangunese, Common Tongue or other languages, or even from Phineaner itself, because Phineaner himself already has reduplication rules, but compared to reduplication rules in Scatered Frontier Phineaner. Some examples of this rule show that this is not a true or complete reduplication, as there is no form of these words with only one root occurrence and the double word carries a different meaning generally also not on the original term. Among the examples that use this rule even though it is not true such as chop-chop means 'food', washee-washee means 'wash', damé-damé means 'bad', hubba-hubba or hungga-hungga means 'hurry' and also mano-mano or mané-mané means 'various'. There are also reduplication words that carry the meaning of the original terms such as macé-macé meaning 'sorts' and penin-penin meaning 'dizziness'.
| Scattered Frontier Creole | Standard Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| temé takdok duit nok beli chop-chop gini | saya tak ada duit nak beli makanan | i don't have money to buy some food |
| demé ni jangé la dop hungga-hungga | awak janganlah tergesa-gesa | you do not to be rush |
| aduh, penin-penin la palé aku | aduh, terasa peninglah kepala aku | ouch, my head has feel dizzy |
Syntax
Scattered Frontier Creole is no exception to the absence of significant inflections, yet it has a very broad vocabulary like most Phineaner dialects including Taemhwanian Phineaner and Oranje Phineaner, and even Betawi. However there are words that acquire a variety of grammatical functions that are usually from Sangunese loan words. Nouns often serve in such cases as initial uses in this speech, yet they are also used as verbs, adjectives or are sometimes used as adverbs. Examples of words shown below are:
- chop-chop – means 'food', also means 'to eat'.
- hayaku – means 'quickly' and 'hurry up'.
- oké – usually means 'okay', also means 'to fix' or 'to adjust'.
- sayonara – originally meant 'goodbye', but it meant 'absence' and 'to get rid of'.
- taksan – means 'much, many', 'very' and 'large'.
- ichiban – used to indicate relative or absolute superlatives.
Vocabulary
Basic words
| Scattered Frontier Creole | Standard Phineaner | Common Tongue Translation |
|---|---|---|
| jamah | pegang | 'to hold' |
| encin | pakcik | 'uncle' |
| goba | risau | 'worried' |
| bacoi | celupar | 'sloopy' |
| ghohok | susah | 'difficult' |
| ugé | juga | 'too' |
| guané/begimané/lagumané | bagaimana | 'how' |
| kenapé/bakpé | kenapa/mengapa | 'why' |
| kekoh | gigit | 'to bite' |
| bacchiké/bacchikoi | gelojoh | 'ravenous' |
| babé | ayah | 'father' |
| sain | teman/kawan | 'friend' |
| masa | betulkah | 'that's right' |
| kupik | kedekut | 'greedy' |
| kesit | sunyi | 'quiet' |
| tubik | keluar | 'exit/out' |
| ghodi/kodi | baiki | 'to fix' |
| mmupo | mandi sungai | 'river bathing' |
| nnaté | binatang | 'animal' |
| blana | banyak | 'many' |
| gégé | bising | 'noisy' |
| pétong | baling | 'to throw' |
| berarakan | berselerak | 'scattered' |
| gapé/apé | apa | 'what' |
| tok | bukan | 'not' |
| bétak | kenyang | 'full' |
| ghonoh | punah | 'destroyed' |
| gu | sahabat | 'friend' |
| jeghombé | sungkur | 'fall' |
| lenjun | basah | 'wet' |
Note(s):
- The spelling used for the Scattered Frontier Creole words is an eye dialect.
Personal pronouns
Scattered Frontier Creole sometimes bears resemblance to Oranje Phineaner or Taemhwanian-Barbarite Phineaner for some personal pronouns, but differs from Standard Phineaner. Sometimes these creoles also have personal pronouns derived from Hokkien, Arboric or Sangunese. The suffix '-me' indicates a plural pronoun, derived from Oranje Phineaner, and the suffix '-me' is an abbreviation for the word semua which means ‘all’ in Phineaner. However, Scattered Frontier Creole uses only the Waeng Secretariat and Rouxville variants as opposed to the existing sub-dialects in Oranje Phineaner.
| Type of pronoun | Scattered Frontier Creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | Singular | temé, kawé* (general), awok (intimate), kémé (familiar), ayé, ambo*, ambé* (very polite), aku (informal), gué**, ané*** |
I, me |
| Plural | kémé (general), temanmé (rare) |
we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive) | |
| kité, kito* | we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive) | ||
| Second person | Singular | miké, démé, démo* (general), kamu, mu* (familiar), komé (intimate), lu**, énté*** |
you, thou, thee |
| Plural | komé (general), mikémé, démémé*, démomé*,, puak mu* |
you, y'all | |
| Third person | Singular | dié/diyé, démé*, démo* (familiar) |
he, she, him, her |
| Plural | démé* (general) | they, them | |
Notes:
* Influence of Taemhwanian-Barbarite Phineaner
** Influence of Hokkien
*** Influence of Arboric
Intensifiers
Language flowers
Gemination
Dialects and accents between native speakers
In this dialect there is also a slight difference of pronunciation from certain districts and regions where the suffix -ong and -eng are omitted or do not sound:
i) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Kéijō), Bassas da Íeu'ryïan, Europa Island, Martin-de-Viviès, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Mongkos, Adelié Land dan part of the Rōmandé area. -on, -én
ii) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Flying Fish Cove, Kadok dan Nicho), Glorioso Islands, Islas del Tropico, Saint Croix, Surrender Point, Tanah Commodore, Saba, Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, Ulu Merapok, Sungai Merapok, Manchu, Bukit Puan, Tanah Sibagol, Undop, Sasa, Bukit Manang, Merambai, Limpaki, Merapok, Bangkatan, Ladang Lalang, Lempaki Tengah, Lempaki Asal, Languban and Patarikan. -o,-é
For example:
- Tolong (help)
i) tulon
ii) tulo - Duit syilling (coin/shillings)
i) sekélén
ii) sekélé
It can be said that the curved speakers -o' and -e' are located on the rest of Rōmandé's speech area. There are dialect differences in this Scattered Frontier Phineaner in some areas but research needs to be done.
External links
See also
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