Kōkainese Phineaner

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Kōkainese Phineaner

Bahasa Phineaner Kōkai بهاس ملايو كوكاي 黃海のマライ語
Base Kōkaï・Tschakak Kōkaï・Lüghat Kōkaï バサ・黃海/チャカㇰ・黃海/ルォラッ・黃海
Pronunciation	[basə ko̞ːka̠i], [tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i] or [luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i]
Spoken natively in	Phinbella
Region	Kōkai
Ethnicity	Kōkainese Phineaners
Number of speakers	~1,980,000 (L1) ~784,000 (L2)
Language family	Dromonesian Phineano-Polynesian (disputed) Phineanic Phineaner Kōkainese Phineaner
Writing system	Latin script (Phineaner alphabet) Arabic script (Jawi) Kana script (Manschūhōrian-Kōkainese kana)
Source	Phineaner (with Gangwol, Terengganuan, Hiliorian and Oranje Phineaner influences)
Official status
Official language in	Kōkai
Recognised minority language in	Syōnan Archipelago Heijō
Regulated by	Phinbellan Languages Studies Association
Areas where Kōkainese Phineaner are spoken    Areas where Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner are spoken    Areas where Heijōnese Creole Phineaner are spoken

Kōkainese Phineaner (Sangunese: 黃海のマライ語, Phineaner: Bahasa Phineaner Kōkaï; Jawi: بهاس ملايو كوكاي), also known as Base Kōkaï (バサ・黃海, IPA: [basə ko̞ːka̠i]), Tschakak Kōkaï (チャカㇰ・黃海, IPA: [tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i]) or Lüghat Kōkaï (ルォラッ・黃海, IPA: [luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i]), alternatively known as Northern Euran Phineaner, is a a dialect of Phineaner spoken in the Phinbellan special self-governing territory or state of Kōkai especially in the Losong and Glayzer river basin areas, as well as coastal areas up to part of Tukau and part of Padang Hijau and Bokor. It is the mother tongue of Kōkainese Phineaners, and it is also spoken by the largest minority as a second language, it is spoken together with Kōkainese Kyōwa-go, a branch of Kyōwa-go that exists in Phinbella. However, it is believed that the dialect originated from six Kōkainese periods with the influence of five other Phineaner dialects. Like the dialects of the Tempasuk region such as Manschūhōrian and even neighbouring Shandānø'kaílander, the Kōkainese dialect is considered non-standard, but sometimes will be standard over the territory. The Pansori text is written in the Kōkainese dialect. Although it is the official language and standard dialect throughout the state of Kōkai, its co-existence with other major dialects in Kōkai such as Gangwol, Hiliorian, Cocos, Shandānø'kaílander and Manschūhōrian, including several other language-based pidgins still plays an important role in maintaining Kōkai's identity.

This dialect has developed distinct phonetic, syntactic and lexical differences that make it unintelligible to speakers from outside Kōkai and outside the PES region, especially those who speak Standard Phineaner or Phinbellan. Kōkainese Phineaner still has a close linguistic relationship with the dialects in this territory due to the influence of those dialects. Together with the Shandānø'kaílander dialect, it forms under the umbrella term "Euran Phineaner language" but retains its own distinctive features that differ from the Shandānø'kaílander dialect. Kōkainese Phineaner can be divided into several sub-dialects in each collectivity and autonomous sub-district along the main river basin and it is named after the area or collectivity where it is spoken more.

Although the territory has a variety of dialects and languages, Kōkainese Phineaner is considered the most recognizable identity of the state. The use of Kōkainese Phineaner can be seen through regional songs that feature an urban atmosphere such as in Singapore Street, it can simultaneously penetrate the PP-pop market where most of the songs are in Gangwol dialect and other regional languages. Kīnichi Moyōmori is an up and coming HoYoverse label artist about to release his mini album in the Kōkainese Phineaner dialect. Radio stations in Kōkai either public (KBS FM Stereo Kōkai) or HRN affiliate station (FM Singapore Street) mostly use Kōkainese Phineaner in their broadcasts along with standard Phineaner. Recent years have shown increased awareness of the uniqueness of the Kōkainese Phineaner language since it was granted special self-governing status, such as the increasing use of Kōkainese Phineaner on shop signs and the recent publication of dictionaries and glossaries of subdialects, particularly the Singapore Street and Glayzer subdialects that have recently launched in early 1737 AN.

Distribution

Kōkainese Phineaner is spoken throughout the state except in southern parts of Kōkai such as South Furious, Saint Joseph and southern Collins, and some southwestern parts of the Ulu Telom collectivity where the Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner dialect is more widely used. While collectivities in the northwestern part such as Baronia (including the autonomous sub-region of Baronia Barat), Siwa and Beryl as well as the autonomous sub-region of Hasnah and Patricia used to speak Manschūhōrian and Gangwol dialects and various Tanah Baruan-Solovyovagradian languages ​​such as Javanese, Banjarese, Rawa, Mandailing and Bugis due to historical immigration of Manschūhōrians (mainly Gogobugians and Hondonese), Gangwol Phineaners and Tanah Baharuans to the area, but the speaking of these dialects has declined and been replaced by the standard subdialect of Kōkainese Phineaner in general, however there have an influence in their speech.

Besides Kōkai, it is also spoken in the Syōnan Archipelago along with the Syōnan Islands Phineaner creole, it is spoken by Syōnan Islanders of Kōkainese descent.

Variation and subdialects

Kōkainese Phineaner is divided into several subdialects in each collectivity crossed by the Glayzer and Losong river basins and also along the coastline, and each subdialect has its own uniqueness. The Singapore Street subdialect is the de facto standard dialect of Kōkainese Phineaner, which are spoken in the Singapore Street Metropolitan Area. From several subdialects of collectivity, it is also divided into several subdialects according to areas such as villages or towns and it also has its own uniqueness dependings of vocabularies. What all the subdialects have in common is the pronunciation of the letter "e" at the end of a word where Kōkainese Phineaner speakers tend to pronounce it as a schwa.

Residents in the collectivity of South Furious, Saint Joseph and some parts of Collins and Ulu Telom do not speak Kōkainese Phineaner, but instead use Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner, while some areas or villages in some collectivities in Kōkai speak dialects other than Kōkainese Phineaner. Collectivities with a non-Phineaner majority population speak Kōkainese Phineaner along with their mother tongue, mostly in standard subdialects.

Based on the 1724 AN study, the variations and subdialects of the Kōkainese Phineaner is as follows.

• Kōkainese Phineaner
  • Singapore Street
    • Pusat Bandaraya
    • Hilir Bokor
    • Semarang
    • Salbiah Pantai
  • Glayzer
    • Ajil
    • Bukit Larut
    • Lojing Highlands
    • Hulu Nerus
    • Hulu Bokor
    • Merapok
    • Kusial
    • Tembungo
  • Tukau
  • Salbiah Timur
  • Betty
  • Padang Hijau
  • Sundar
  • Tanah Merah
  • Fairley Baram
  • Interior
    • Ulu Telom
    • Baronia

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/Affricate	voiceless	p	t ts	tɕ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
	aspirate		tsʰ	tɕʰ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ɕ		h
	voiced		z		ɣ
Semivowel		w		j
Lateral			l
Trill			r

Finals Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive p̚ t̚ k̚ ʔ

Syllabic consonant Bilabial Velar Nasal m̩ ŋ̍

Vowel

Monophthongs Front Central Back High i ĩ u ũ ʉ Mid-High e o Mid-Low ɛ ɛ̃ ə ɔ ɔ̃ Low a ã

Diphthongs and triphthongs Diphthong Triphthong ai ɛi ɛʲ ue iau au iɛ iɔ uɔ ui uai

Comparison with Standard Phineaner

Vowels

Correspondence Rule (SM ≙ KKM)			Standard Phineaner/Phinbellan (SM/BPM)		Kōkainese Phineaner (KKM)		Istvanistani Translation
Final /a/ with nasal coda	≙	Long nasal [ɛ̃ː]	jangan	/d͡ʒaŋan/	jangé	[ɟaŋɛ̃ː]	'don't'
	≙	Long nasal [ãː]	tulang	/tulaŋ/	tular	[tulãː]	'bone'
	≙	Long nasal [ə̃ː]	ayam	/ajam/	ayer	[ajə̃ː]	'chicken'
Initial, mid and final /ia/	≙	Open-mid [ɛi] or [ɛʲ]	biasa	/biasa/	bijse	[bɛisəː]~[bɛʲsə]	'normal'
			berlian	/bərlian/	berlijn	[bərlɛin]~[bərlɛʲn]	'diamond'
			diam	/diam/	dijm	[dɛim]~[dɛʲm]	'shut up'
Initial, mid and final /o/	≙	Rounded [u]	orang	/oraŋ/	ughar	[uɣãː]	'people'
Initial, mid and final /e/	≙	Unrounded [i]	cetong	/t͡ʃetoŋ/	tschitung	[t͡ɕituŋ]	'dipper'
Final /a/ in open-ended words	≙	Long [əː]	mata	/mata/	mate	[matəː]	'eye'
/a/ in final /ah/	≙	Open back unrounded [ɑ]	rumah	/rumah/	ghumoh	[ɣumɑh]	'house'
/a/ in final /ak/			banyak	/baɲak/	banyok	[baɲɑʔ]	'many'
Initial /ua/	≙	Open-mid [ɔ]	kuala	/kuala/	kole	[kɔləː]	'river mouth'
Mid and final /ua/	≙	Nasal [ɔ̃]	pertualang	/pərtualaŋ/	petolar	[pətɔ̃lãː]	'adventure'
			sengkuang	/səŋkuaŋ/	thekong	[t͡səkɔ̃ŋ]	'squat/turnip'
/ə/ in coda /ər/	≙	Open-mid [ɔ]	kerbau	/kərbau/	koba	[kɔbaː]	'buffalo'
Final /ua/ before final coda /r/	≙	Open-mid [uɔ]	seluar	/səluar/	theluo	[t͡səluɔ]	'pants'
Final /i/ before final coda /r/	≙	Open-mid [iɔ]	kafir	/kaɸir/	kapio	[kapiɔ]	'non-Umraist'
Final /ai/	≙	Long [ɛ̃ː]	sungai	/suŋai/	thungé	[t͡suŋɛ̃ː]	'river'
Final /au/	≙	Long [aː]	pulau	/pulau/	pula	[pulaː]	'isle/island'
/u/ in coda /uŋ/	≙	Nasal [ũ]	mungkin	/muŋkin/	mukin	[mũkin]	'maybe'

Consonants

Correspondence Rule (SM ≙ KKM)			Standard Phineaner/Phinbellan (SM/BPM)		Kōkainese Phineaner (KKM)		Istvanistani Translation
Final coda /f/	≙	Voiceless fricative [ç]	maaf	/maaf/	maaéh	[maaç]	'sorry'
Final coda /s/			panas	/panas/	panaéh	[panaç]	'hot'
Initial, mid and final /r/	≙	Velar fricative [ɣ]	ramai	/ramai/	ghamé	[ɣamɛ̃ː]	'many'
Initial and mid /f/	≙	Voiceless plosive [p]	fasal	/fasal/	pathé	[pat͡sɛ̃ː]	'clause'
Coda /r/	≙	Omitted	permata	/pərmata/	pemate	[pəmatəː]	'jewellery'
Mid /b/			lembu	/ləmbu/	lemu	[ləmu]	'cow'
Initial /h/			hidung	/hiduŋ/	idung	[idoŋ]	'nose'
Final coda /p/	≙	Unreleased stop [p̚]	letup	/lətup/	letup	[lətup̚]	'to explode'
	≙	Unreleased stop [k̚]	cakap	/t͡ʃakap/	tschakak	[t͡ɕakak̚]	'to talk'
Final coda /t/	≙	Unreleased stop [t̚]	sesat	/səsat/	thesat	[t͡səsat̚]	'lost'
Initial and mid /s/	≙	Voiceless plosive [t͡s]	laksa	/laksa/	laktha	[lakt͡səː]	'Laksa'
Initial and mid /t͡ʃ/	≙	Voiceless plosive [t͡ɕ]	cuci	/t͡ʃut͡ʃi/	tschutschi	[t͡ɕut͡ɕi]	'to wash'
Initial and mid /d͡ʒ/	≙	Voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]	jalan	/d͡ʒalan/	jalé	[ɟalɛ̃ː]	'path'
			panjang	/pand͡ʒaŋ/	panjar	[paɲɟãː]	'long'

Vocabulary

Basic Words Kōkainese Phineaner Standard Phineaner English Translation jamah pegang 'to hold' mensoi/mansoi/monsoi baik 'good' goba risau 'worried' ghohot susah 'difficult' éték juga 'too' kikoh gigit 'to bite' kupit kedekut 'greedy' kesit sunyi 'quiet' tobit keluar 'exit/out' kemop petang 'evening' gégé gigil 'shiver' pitung baling 'to throw' ndok bukan 'not' adau hari 'day' bang azan 'Adhan' katschak cantik 'beautiful' gago sibuk 'busy' dobol buang air 'poop' jabir plastik 'plastic bag' ngipit bebel 'yapping'

Kōkainese Phineaner Standard Phineaner English Translation bayak beritahu 'tell' neghe lena 'fell sleep' dijn lilin 'candle' dijt lihat 'look' ttingkoh mengada 'make up' bejombap/tejombap serempak/sungkur 'bumped/fell down' tahane hina 'insult' tschungit terangkat 'lifted' lokoh basah 'wet' senalo selalu 'always' seriba siang 'noon/daytime' enselan minyak petrol 'petroleum oil' melinsah seterika 'iron' nagohom rumah 'house' bukop bulu 'fur/hair' gubar perahu 'ship/boat' liwo-liwo siar-siar 'travel/trip'

Personal pronouns

Kōkainese Phineaner Personal Pronouns

Type of pronoun		Kōkainese Phineaner	Meaning
First person	Singular	kéme, kékme (general), jaij (intimate), kaijn (familiar), aye (very polite), aku (informal)	I, me
	Plural	kume (general), jami (intimate)	we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
		kite (general), jati (intimate)	we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
Second person	Singular	mume, mome (general), dighi (familiar), dijun, ijun (intimate), ka, ngka, kamu (informal)	you, thou, thee
	Plural	seme (general), mukeme, mengmume*, mendighi*	you, y'all
Third person	Singular	die/diye/iye, dime (familiar)	he, she, him, her
	Plural	dime (general), dipe	they, them

Intensifiers

Instead of using 'bebeno', 'nyah' or 'sangat' as intensifier for an adjective, Kōkainese Phineaner speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.

Standard Malay	Kōkainese Phineaner	Meaning
sangat putih	putih melipok	very white
sangat hitam	iter leger/kebélék	very dark/black
sangat merah	mighoh kedaghak	very red
sangat kuning	kuning sio	very yellow
sangat cantik	katschak mat	very beautiful
sangat busuk	busuk urapok/latung	very smelly
sangat hancing	atsching pighing	very stenchy
sangat hanyir	hanyor mekok	very fishy
sangat manis	manih leting	very sweet
sangat masin	masin peghok	very salty
sangat tawar	tawo hesyo/besyo	very tasteless
sangat masam	maser naon	very sour
sangat hangus	angit pingit	very scorched
sangat terik	paneh tschitsching	very hot (Sun)
sangat panas	angat pijo	very hot
sangat sejuk	sijuk bidi	very cold
sangat tebal	tebé membakut	very thick
sangat besar	besor kebalok	very big
sangat kecil	kitschik kitot	very small
sangat kurus	kuruih meghihik	very thin (body)
sangat wangi	wongi ghokong	very fragrant
sangat laju	laju ketschoghot	very faster
sangat bising	gégé keguntor/mikok	very noisy

Animals

Kōkainese Phineaner also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Phineaner for some animals.

Standard Phineaner	Kōkainese Phineaner	Meaning
anjing	asu	dog
ayam	ayer	chicken
biawak	jéwok	monitor lizard
buaya	boye	crocodile
burung	bughong	bird
cacing	tchatchik	worm
cencurut	bintakop	Phineonesian shrew
harimau	ghima	tiger
ikan haruan/gabus	anok maghok, iké botschat/bujuk, iké bado	snakehead murrel
ikan temelian/tembelian	iké temolijn	Probarbus jullieni
ikan tongkol	iké aye	Euthynnus affinis
ikan cencaru	iké tschentschaghut	torpedo scad
ikan pelaga	iké thkilar	fighting fish
kala jengking	kale lipit	scorpion
kambing	kambeng	goat
kelekatu	mengkiok, mengkatu	winged caste of termite
kerbau	koba	buffalo
kerengga	khongge	weaver ant
kucing	kutscheng	cat
labi-labi	jelebo	softshell tortoise
pepatung/sesibur	thakthibo/thikthibo	dragonfly
pianggang	cenanga/cenango	Leptocoriza varicornis
semut api	simut gaté	fire ant
singa	thinge	lion
sotong	thutung	squid
ular	ulo	snake

Fruits and plants

Kōkainese Phineaner has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Phineaner.

Standard Phineaner	Kōkainese Phineaner	Meaning
ciku	thao/thawo manile	Manilkara zapota
cili	tschabé	chili
cili padi/api	tschabé bughong	Bird's eye chili
durian	doyan	durian
durian belanda	doyan mokoh	soursop
kabung	apong	sugar palm
kedondong	amra	Spondias dulcis
kelapa	nyio	coconut
kerdas	giduok/ginuok	Archidendron bubalinum
kuini	kijning	fragrant mango
limau bali	lima tambun	pomelo
mangga	pauh	mango
manggis	thentol/thetol	mangosteen
mencupu/cerapu	copu	Garcinia prainiana
petai	peté	Parkia speciosa
rambutan	mukté	rambutan
tampoi	laghah	Baccaurea macrocarpa
ubi keledek	ubi ketéle	sweet potato