Kōkainese Phineaner

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Kōkainese Phineaner

Bahasa Phineaner Kōkai بهاس ملايو كوكاي 黃海のマライ語
Base Kōkaï・Tschakak Kōkaï・Lüghat Kōkaï バサ・黃海/チャカㇰ・黃海/ルォラッ・黃海
Pronunciation	[basə ko̞ːka̠i], [tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i] or [luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i]
Spoken natively in	Phinbella
Region	Kōkai
Ethnicity	Kōkainese Phineaners
Number of speakers	~1,980,000 (L1) ~784,000 (L2)
Language family	Dromonesian Phineano-Polynesian (disputed) Phineanic Phineaner Kōkainese Phineaner
Writing system	Latin script (Phineaner alphabet) Arabic script (Jawi) Kana script (Manschūhōrian-Kōkainese kana)
Source	Phineaner (with Gangwol, Terengganuan, Hiliorian and Oranje Phineaner influences)
Official status
Official language in	Kōkai
Recognised minority language in	Syōnan Archipelago Heijō
Regulated by	Phinbellan Languages Studies Association

Kōkainese Phineaner (Sangunese: 黃海のマライ語, Phineaner: Bahasa Phineaner Kōkaï; Jawi: بهاس ملايو كوكاي), also known as Base Kōkaï (バサ・黃海, IPA: [basə ko̞ːka̠i]), Tschakak Kōkaï (チャカㇰ・黃海, IPA: [tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i]) or Lüghat Kōkaï (ルォラッ・黃海, IPA: [luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i]), alternatively known as Northern Euran Phineaner, is a a dialect of Phineaner spoken in the Phinbellan special self-governing territory or state of Kōkai especially in the Losong and Glayzer river basin areas, as well as coastal areas up to part of Tukau and part of Padang Hijau and Bokor. It is the mother tongue of Kōkainese Phineaners, and it is also spoken by the largest minority as a second language, it is spoken together with Kōkainese Kyōwa-go, a branch of Kyōwa-go that exists in Phinbella. However, it is believed that the dialect originated from six Kōkainese periods with the influence of five other Phineaner dialects. Like the dialects of the Tempasuk region such as Manschūhōrian and even neighbouring Shandānø'kaílander, the Kōkainese dialect is considered non-standard, but sometimes will be standard over the territory. The Pansori text is written in the Kōkainese dialect. Although it is the official language and standard dialect throughout the state of Kōkai, its co-existence with other major dialects in Kōkai such as Gangwol, Hiliorian, Cocos, Shandānø'kaílander and Manschūhōrian, including several other language-based pidgins still plays an important role in maintaining Kōkai's identity.

This dialect has developed distinct phonetic, syntactic and lexical differences that make it unintelligible to speakers from outside Kōkai and outside the PES region, especially those who speak Standard Phineaner or Phinbellan. Kōkainese Phineaner still has a close linguistic relationship with the dialects in this territory due to the influence of those dialects. Together with the Shandānø'kaílander dialect, it forms under the umbrella term "Euran Phineaner language" but retains its own distinctive features that differ from the Shandānø'kaílander dialect. Kōkainese Phineaner can be divided into several sub-dialects in each collectivity and autonomous sub-district along the main river basin and it is named after the area or collectivity where it is spoken more.

Although the territory has a variety of dialects and languages, Kōkainese Phineaner is considered the most recognizable identity of the state. The use of Kōkainese Phineaner can be seen through regional songs that feature an urban atmosphere such as in Singapore Street, it can simultaneously penetrate the PP-pop market where most of the songs are in Gangwol dialect and other regional languages. Kīnichi Moyōmori is an up and coming HoYoverse label artist about to release his mini album in the Kōkainese Phineaner dialect. Radio stations in Kōkai either public (KBS FM Stereo Kōkai) or HRN affiliate station (FM Singapore Street) mostly use Kōkainese Phineaner in their broadcasts along with standard Phineaner. Recent years have shown increased awareness of the uniqueness of the Kōkainese Phineaner language since it was granted special self-governing status, such as the increasing use of Kōkainese Phineaner on shop signs and the recent publication of dictionaries and glossaries of subdialects, particularly the Singapore Street and Glayzer subdialects that have recently launched in early 1737 AN.

Distribution

Kōkainese Phineaner is spoken throughout the state except in southern parts of Kōkai such as South Furious, Saint Joseph and southern Collins, and some southwestern parts of the Ulu Telom collectivity where the Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner dialect is more widely used. While collectivities in the northwestern part such as Baronia (including the autonomous sub-region of Baronia Barat), Siwa and Beryl as well as the autonomous sub-region of Hasnah and Patricia used to speak Manschūhōrian and Gangwol dialects and various Tanah Baruan-Solovyovagradian languages ​​such as Javanese, Banjarese, Rawa, Mandailing and Bugis due to historical immigration of Manschūhōrians (mainly Gogobugians and Hondonese), Gangwol Phineaners and Tanah Baharuans to the area, but the speaking of these dialects has declined and been replaced by the standard subdialect of Kōkainese Phineaner in general, however there have an influence in their speech.

Besides Kōkai, it is also spoken in the Syōnan Archipelago along with the Syōnan Islands Phineaner creole, it is spoken by Syōnan Islanders of Kōkainese descent.

Variation and subdialects

Kōkainese Phineaner is divided into several subdialects in each collectivity crossed by the Glayzer and Losong river basins and also along the coastline, and each subdialect has its own uniqueness. The Singapore Street subdialect is the de facto standard dialect of Kōkainese Phineaner, which are spoken in the Singapore Street Metropolitan Area. From several subdialects of collectivity, it is also divided into several subdialects according to areas such as villages or towns and it also has its own uniqueness dependings of vocabularies. What all the subdialects have in common is the pronunciation of the letter "e" at the end of a word where Kōkainese Phineaner speakers tend to pronounce it as a schwa.

Residents in the collectivity of South Furious, Saint Joseph and some parts of Collins and Ulu Telom do not speak Kōkainese Phineaner, but instead use Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner, while some areas or villages in some collectivities in Kōkai speak dialects other than Kōkainese Phineaner. Collectivities with a non-Phineaner majority population speak Kōkainese Phineaner along with their mother tongue, mostly in standard subdialects.

Based on the 1724 AN study, the variations and subdialects of the Kōkainese Phineaner is as follows.

• Kōkainese Phineaner
  • Singapore Street
    • Pusat Bandaraya
    • Hilir Bokor
    • Semarang
    • Salbiah Pantai
  • Glayzer
    • Ajil
    • Bukit Larut
    • Lojing Highlands
    • Hulu Nerus
    • Hulu Bokor
    • Merapok
    • Kusial
    • Tembungo
  • Tukau
  • Salbiah Timur
  • Betty
  • Padang Hijau
  • Sundar
  • Tanah Merah
  • Fairley Baram
  • Interior
    • Ulu Telom
    • Baronia

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/Affricate	voiceless	p	t ts	tɕ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
	aspirate		tsʰ	tɕʰ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ɕ		h
	voiced		z		ɣ
Semivowel		w		j
Lateral			l
Trill			r

Finals Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive p̚ t̚ k̚ ʔ

Syllabic consonant Bilabial Velar Nasal m̩ ŋ̍

Vowel

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ		u ũ ʉ
Mid-High	e		o
Mid-Low	ɛ ɛ̃	ə	ɔ ɔ̃
Low		a ã

Comparison with Standard Phineaner

Vowels

Correspondence Rule (SM ≙ KKM)			Standard Phineaner/Phinbellan (SM/BPM)		Kōkainese Phineaner (KKM)		Istvanistani Translation
Final /a/ with nasal coda	≙	Long nasal [ɛ̃ː]	jangan	/d͡ʒaŋan/	jangé	[ɟaŋɛ̃ː]	'don't'
	≙	Long nasal [ãː]	ayam	/ajam/	ayar	[ajãː]	'chicken'
Initial, mid and final /ia/	≙	Open-mid [ɛi] or [ɛʲ]	biasa	/biasa/	bijse	[bɛisəː]~[bɛʲsə]	'normal'
			berlian	/bərlian/	berlijn	[bərlɛin]~[bərlɛʲn]	'diamond'
			diam	/diam/	dijm	[dɛim]~[dɛʲm]	'shut up'
Initial, mid and final /o/	≙	Rounded [u]	orang	/oraŋ/	ughar	[uɣãː]	'people'
Initial, mid and final /e/	≙	Unrounded [i]	cetong	/t͡ʃetoŋ/	tschitung	[t͡ɕituŋ]	'dipper'
Final /a/ in open-ended words	≙	Long [əː]	mata	/mata/	mate	[matəː]	'eye'
/a/ in final /ah/	≙	Open back unrounded [ɑ]	rumah	/rumah/	ghumoh	[ɣumɑh]	'house'
/a/ in final /ak/			banyak	/baɲak/	banyok	[baɲɑʔ]	'many'
Initial /ua/	≙	Open-mid [ɔ]	kuala	/kuala/	kole	[kɔləː]	'river mouth'
Mid and final /ua/	≙	Nasal [ɔ̃]	pertualang	/pərtualaŋ/	petolar	[pətɔ̃lãː]	'adventure'
			sengkuang	/səŋkuaŋ/	thekong	[t͡səkɔ̃ŋ]	'squat/turnip'
Final /ua/ before final coda /r/	≙	Open-mid [uɔ]	seluar	/səluar/	theluo	[t͡səluɔ]	'pants'
Final /ai/	≙	Long [ɛ̃ː]	sungai	/suŋai/	thungé	[t͡suŋɛ̃ː]	'river'
Final /au/	≙	Long [aː]	pulau	/pulau/	pula	[pulaː]	'isle/island'
/u/ in coda /uŋ/	≙	Nasal [ũ]	mungkin	/muŋkin/	mukin	[mũkin]	'maybe'

Consonants

Correspondence Rule (SM ≙ KKM)			Standard Phineaner/Phinbellan (SM/BPM)		Kōkainese Phineaner (KKM)		Istvanistani Translation
Final coda /f/	≙	Sibilant fricative /h/	maaf	/maaf/	maéh	[ma'ɛh]	'sorry'
Final coda /s/			panas	/panas/	panés	[panɛh]	'hot'
Initial, mid and final /r/	≙	Velar fricative [ɣ]	ramai	/ramai/	ghamé	[ɣamɛ̃ː]	'many'
Coda /r/	≙	Omitted	permata	/pərmata/	pemate	[pəmatəː]	'jewellery'
Mid /b/			lembu	/ləmbu/	lemu	[ləmu]	'cow'
Initial /h/			hidung	/hiduŋ/	idung	[idoŋ]	'nose'
Final coda /p/	≙	Unreleased stop [p̚]	letup	/lətup/	letup	[lətup̚]	'to explode'
	≙	Unreleased stop [k̚]	cakap	/t͡ʃakap/	tschakak	[t͡ɕakak̚]	'to talk'
Final coda /t/	≙	Unreleased stop [t̚]	sesat	/səsat/	thesat	[t͡səsat̚]	'lost'
Initial and mid /s/	≙	Voiced palatal plosive [t͡s]	laksa	/laksa/	laktha	[lakt͡səː]	'Laksa'
Initial and mid /t͡ʃ/	≙	Voiced palatal plosive [t͡ɕ]	cuci	/t͡ʃut͡ʃi/	tschutschi	[t͡ɕut͡ɕi]	'to wash'
Initial and mid /d͡ʒ/	≙	Voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]	jalan	/d͡ʒalan/	jalé	[ɟalɛ̃ː]	'path'
			panjang	/pand͡ʒaŋ/	panjar	[paɲɟãː]	'long'