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Kōkainese Phineaner: Difference between revisions

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| glotto          = none
| glotto          = none
| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
| map              = Distribution of Phineaner dialects in Kōkai map.svg
| mapscale          = 90px
| mapcaption      = {{Legend | #ffcc00 | Areas where Kōkainese Phineaner are spoken}}
{{Legend | #00ffff | Areas where Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner are spoken}}
{{Legend | #ff5555 | Areas where Heijōnese Creole Phineaner are spoken}}
}}
}}
{{nihongo|lead=yes|'''Kōkainese Phineaner'''|黃海のマライ語|extra={{lang-ms|Bahasa Phineaner Kōkaï|}}; {{lang-ms|link=jawi|بهاس ملايو كوكاي}}}}, also known as {{Nihongo||バサ・黃海|Base Kōkaï|extra={{IPA-phi|basə ko̞ːka̠i|IPA}}}}, {{Nihongo||チャカㇰ・黃海|Tschakak Kōkaï|extra={{IPA-phi|tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i|IPA}}}} or {{Nihongo||ルォラッ・黃海|Lüghat Kōkaï|extra={{IPA-phi|luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i|IPA}}}}, alternatively known as '''Northern Euran Phineaner''',  is a a dialect of [[Wikipedia:Malay language|Phineaner]] spoken in the [[Phinbella]]n [[Territories of Phinbella|special self-governing territory]] or state of [[Kōkai]] especially in the [[Losong River|Losong]] and [[Glayzer River|Glayzer river]] basin areas, as well as coastal areas up to part of [[Tukau]] and part of [[Padang Hijau]] and [[Bokor]]. It is the mother tongue of [[Kōkainese Phineaners]], and it is also spoken by the largest minority as a second language, it is spoken together with [[Kōkainese Kyōwa-go]], a branch of [[Kyōwa-go in Phinbella|Kyōwa-go]] that exists in Phinbella. However, it is believed that the dialect originated from six Kōkainese periods with the influence of five other Phineaner dialects. Like the dialects of the [[Tempasuku region|Tempasuk region]] such as [[Manschūhōrian Phineaner|Manschūhōrian]] and even neighbouring [[Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner|Shandānø'kaílander]], the Kōkainese dialect is considered non-standard, but sometimes will be standard over the territory. The [[Wikipedia:Pansori|Pansori]] text is written in the Kōkainese dialect. Although it is the official language and standard dialect throughout the state of Kōkai, its co-existence with other major dialects in Kōkai such as [[Gangwol Phineaner|Gangwol]], [[Hiliorian Phineaner|Hiliorian]], [[Wikipedia:Cocos Malay|Cocos]], Shandānø'kaílander and Manschūhōrian, including several other language-based pidgins still plays an important role in maintaining Kōkai's identity.
{{nihongo|lead=yes|'''Kōkainese Phineaner'''|黃海のマライ語|extra={{lang-ms|Bahasa Phineaner Kōkaï|}}; {{lang-ms|link=jawi|بهاس ملايو كوكاي}}}}, also known as {{Nihongo||バサ・黃海|Base Kōkaï|extra={{IPA-phi|basə ko̞ːka̠i|IPA}}}}, {{Nihongo||チャカㇰ・黃海|Tschakak Kōkaï|extra={{IPA-phi|tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i|IPA}}}} or {{Nihongo||ルォラッ・黃海|Lüghat Kōkaï|extra={{IPA-phi|luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i|IPA}}}}, alternatively known as '''Northern Euran Phineaner''',  is a a dialect of [[Wikipedia:Malay language|Phineaner]] spoken in the [[Phinbella]]n [[Territories of Phinbella|special self-governing territory]] or state of [[Kōkai]] especially in the [[Losong River|Losong]] and [[Glayzer River|Glayzer river]] basin areas, as well as coastal areas up to part of [[Tukau]] and part of [[Padang Hijau]] and [[Bokor]]. It is the mother tongue of [[Kōkainese Phineaners]], and it is also spoken by the largest minority as a second language, it is spoken together with [[Kōkainese Kyōwa-go]], a branch of [[Kyōwa-go in Phinbella|Kyōwa-go]] that exists in Phinbella. However, it is believed that the dialect originated from six Kōkainese periods with the influence of five other Phineaner dialects. Like the dialects of the [[Tempasuku region|Tempasuk region]] such as [[Manschūhōrian Phineaner|Manschūhōrian]] and even neighbouring [[Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner|Shandānø'kaílander]], the Kōkainese dialect is considered non-standard, but sometimes will be standard over the territory. The [[Wikipedia:Pansori|Pansori]] text is written in the Kōkainese dialect. Although it is the official language and standard dialect throughout the state of Kōkai, its co-existence with other major dialects in Kōkai such as [[Gangwol Phineaner|Gangwol]], [[Hiliorian Phineaner|Hiliorian]], [[Wikipedia:Cocos Malay|Cocos]], Shandānø'kaílander and Manschūhōrian, including several other language-based pidgins still plays an important role in maintaining Kōkai's identity.
Line 432: Line 437:
| Final coda {{IPA|/f/}}
| Final coda {{IPA|/f/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" | Voiceless fricative {{IPA|/ç/}}
| rowspan="2" | Voiceless fricative {{IPA|[ç]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|maaf}}  
|{{Lang|zsm|maaf}}  
|{{IPA|/maaf/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|/maaf/|lang=zsm}}
Line 454: Line 459:
|{{IPA|[ɣamɛ̃ː]|lang=zmi}}
|{{IPA|[ɣamɛ̃ː]|lang=zmi}}
|'many'
|'many'
|-
|Initial and mid {{IPA|/f/}}
|≙
|Voiceless plosive {{IPA|[p]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|fasal}}
|{{IPA|/fasal/|lang=zsm}}
|{{Lang|zsm|pathé}}
|{{IPA|[pat͡sɛ̃ː]|lang=zmi}}
|'clause'
|-
|-
|Coda {{IPA|/r/}}
|Coda {{IPA|/r/}}
Line 539: Line 553:


=== Vocabulary ===
=== Vocabulary ===
 
{|
|valign=top|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Basic Words
!Kōkainese Phineaner
!Standard Phineaner
!English Translation
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|jamah}}
|{{Lang|zsm|pegang}}
|'to hold'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|mensoi}}/{{Transl|mfa|mansoi}}/{{Transl|mfa|monsoi}}
|{{Lang|zsm|baik}}
|'good'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|goba}}
|{{Lang|zsm|risau}}
|'worried'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|ghohot}}
|{{Lang|zsm|susah}}
|'difficult'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|éték}}
|{{Lang|zsm|juga}}
|'too'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|kikoh}}
|{{Lang|zsm|gigit}}
|'to bite'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|kupit}}
|{{Lang|zsm|kedekut}}
| 'greedy'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|kesit}}
|{{Lang|zsm|sunyi}}
|'quiet'
|-
| {{Transl|mfa|tobit}}
|{{Lang|zsm|keluar}}
| 'exit/out'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|kemop}}
|{{Lang|zsm|petang}}
|'evening'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|gégé}}
| {{Lang|zsm|gigil}}
|'shiver'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|pitung}}
|{{Lang|zsm|baling}}
| 'to throw'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|ndok}}
| {{Lang|zsm|bukan}}
|'not'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|adau}}
|{{Lang|zsm|hari}}
|'day'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|bang}}
|{{Lang|zsm|azan}}
|'Adhan'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|katschak}}
|{{Lang|zsm|cantik}}
|'beautiful'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|gago}}
|{{Lang|zsm|sibuk}}
|'busy'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|dobol}}
|{{Lang|zsm|buang air}}
|'poop'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|jabir}}
|{{Lang|zsm|plastik}}
|'plastic bag'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|ngipit}}
|{{Lang|zsm|bebel}}
|'yapping'
|}
|valign=top|
{| class="wikitable"
!Kōkainese Phineaner
!Standard Phineaner
!English Translation
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|bayak}}
|{{Lang|zsm|beritahu}}
|'tell'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|neghe}}
|{{Lang|zsm|lena}}
|'fell sleep'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|dijn}}
|{{Lang|zsm|lilin}}
|'candle'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|dijt}}
|{{Lang|zsm|lihat}}
|'look'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|ttingkoh}}
|{{Lang|zsm|mengada}}
|'make up'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|bejombap}}/{{Transl|mfa|tejombap}}
|{{Transl|mla|serempak}}/{{Lang|zsm|sungkur}}
|'bumped/fell down'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|tahane}}
|{{Lang|zsm|hina}}
|'insult'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|tschungit}}
|{{Lang|zsm|terangkat}}
|'lifted'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|lokoh}}
|{{Lang|zsm|basah}}
|'wet'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|senalo}}
|{{Lang|zsm|selalu}}
|'always'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|seriba}}
|{{Lang|zsm|siang}}
|'noon/daytime'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|enselan}}
|{{Lang|zsm|minyak petrol}}
|'petroleum oil'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|melinsah}}
|{{Lang|zsm|seterika}}
|'iron'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|nagohom}}
|{{Lang|zsm|rumah}}
|'house'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|bukop}}
|{{Lang|zsm|bulu}}
|'fur/hair'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|gubar}}
|{{Lang|zsm|perahu}}
|'ship/boat'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|liwo-liwo}}
|{{Lang|zsm|siar-siar}}
|'travel/trip'
|}
|}
==== Personal pronouns ====
==== Personal pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kōkainese Phineaner Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" |Type of pronoun
!Kōkainese Phineaner
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" | First person
!|Singular
|kéme, kékme (general),<br>jaij (intimate),<br>kaijn (familiar),<br>aye (very polite),<br>aku (informal)
|I, me
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plural
|kume (general),<br>jami (intimate)
|we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
|-
|kite (general),<br>jati (intimate)
|we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
|-
! rowspan="2" |Second person
!|Singular
|mume, mome (general),<br>dighi (familiar), <br>dijun, ijun (intimate),<br>ka, ngka, kamu (informal)
| you, thou, thee
|-
!|Plural
|seme (general),<br>mukeme,<br>mengmume*,<br>mendighi*
| you, y'all
|-
! rowspan="2" |Third person
!| Singular
|die/diye/iye,<br>dime (familiar)
|he, she, him, her
|-
!|Plural
|dime (general),<br>dipe
| they, them
|}


==== Intensifiers ====
==== Intensifiers ====
Instead of using '{{transl|ms|bebeno}}', '{{transl|ms|nyah}}' or '{{transl|ms|sangat}}' as intensifier for an adjective, Kōkainese Phineaner speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Standard Malay
! style="text-align: center;" |Kōkainese Phineaner
! style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|sangat putih ||putih melipok||very white
|-
|sangat hitam||iter leger/kebélék||very dark/black
|-
|sangat merah||mighoh kedaghak||very red
|-
|sangat kuning
|kuning sio
|very yellow
|-
|sangat cantik
|katschak mat
|very beautiful
|-
|sangat busuk||busuk urapok/latung||very smelly
|-
|sangat hancing
|atsching pighing
|very stenchy
|-
|sangat hanyir
|hanyor mekok
|very fishy
|-
|sangat manis||manih leting||very sweet
|-
|sangat masin
|masin peghok
|very salty
|-
|sangat tawar||tawo hesyo/besyo||very tasteless
|-
|sangat masam||maser naon || very sour
|-
|sangat hangus||angit pingit || very scorched
|-
|sangat terik||paneh tschitsching||very hot (Sun)
|-
|sangat panas||angat pijo||very hot
|-
|sangat sejuk || sijuk bidi || very cold
|-
|sangat tebal
|tebé membakut
|very thick
|-
|sangat besar
|besor kebalok
|very big
|-
|sangat kecil
|kitschik kitot
|very small
|-
|sangat kurus ||kuruih meghihik|| very thin (body)
|-
|sangat wangi
|wongi ghokong
|very fragrant
|-
|sangat laju
|laju ketschoghot
|very faster
|-
|sangat bising
|gégé keguntor/mikok
|very noisy
|}


==== Animals ====
==== Animals ====
Kōkainese Phineaner also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Phineaner for some animals.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Standard Phineaner
! style="text-align: center;" |Kōkainese Phineaner
! style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|''anjing''||''asu''||dog
|-
|''ayam''
|''ayer''
|chicken
|-
|''biawak''
|''jéwok''
|monitor lizard
|-
|''buaya''||''boye''||crocodile
|-
|''burung''||''bughong''|| bird
|-
|''cacing''||''tchatchik''||worm
|-
|''cencurut''||''bintakop''||[[Wikipedia:Malayan shrew|Phineonesian shrew]]
|-
|''harimau''||''ghima''||tiger
|-
|''ikan haruan/gabus''||''anok maghok,'' <br>''iké botschat/bujuk,'' <br>''iké bado''||[[Wikipedia:Channa striata|snakehead murrel]]
|-
|''ikan temelian/tembelian''||''iké temolijn''||''[[Wikipedia:Probarbus jullieni|Probarbus jullieni]]''
|-
|''ikan tongkol''||''iké aye'' || ''[[Wikipedia:Euthynnus affinis|Euthynnus affinis]]''
|-
|''ikan cencaru''
|''iké tschentschaghut''
|[[Wikipedia:Torpedo scad|torpedo scad]]
|-
|''ikan pelaga''
|''iké thkilar''
|fighting fish
|-
|''kala jengking'' ||''kale lipit''||scorpion
|-
|''kambing'' || ''kambeng''|| goat
|-
|''kelekatu''||''mengkiok, mengkatu'' ||winged caste of [[Wikipedia:Termite|termite]]
|-
|''kerbau'' || ''koba''|| buffalo
|-
|''kerengga'' || ''khongge''||[[Wikipedia:Weaver ant|weaver ant]]
|-
| ''kucing''||''kutscheng''||cat
|-
| ''labi-labi''||''jelebo''||[[Wikipedia:Trionychidae|softshell tortoise]]
|-
| ''pepatung/sesibur'' ||''thakthibo/thikthibo''|| dragonfly
|-
|''pianggang''|| ''cenanga/cenango''||''Leptocoriza varicornis''
|-
|''semut api'' || ''simut gaté''||[[Wikipedia:Fire ant|fire ant]]
|-
|''singa''
|''thinge''
|lion
|-
|''sotong''
|''thutung''
|squid
|-
|''ular''|| ''ulo''||snake
|}


==== Fruits and plants ====
==== Fruits and plants ====
 
Kōkainese Phineaner has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Phineaner.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Standard Phineaner
! style="text-align: center;" | Kōkainese Phineaner
! style="text-align: center;" |Meaning
|-
|''ciku''
|''thao/thawo manile''
|[[Wikipedia:Manilkara zapota|''Manilkara zapota'']]
|-
|''cili''||''tschabé''||chili
|-
|''cili padi/api''||''tschabé bughong''||[[Wikipedia:Bird's eye chili|Bird's eye chili]]
|-
|''durian''||''doyan''||[[Wikipedia:Durian|durian]]
|-
| ''durian belanda''||''doyan mokoh''||[[Wikipedia:Annona muricata|soursop]]
|-
|''kabung''||''apong''||[[Wikipedia:Sugar palm|sugar palm]]
|-
|''kedondong''||''amra''|| ''[[Wikipedia:Spondias dulcis|Spondias dulcis]]''
|-
|''kelapa''||''nyio''||coconut
|-
|''kerdas''|| ''giduok/ginuok''||''Archidendron bubalinum''
|-
| ''kuini''||''kijning''||[[Wikipedia:Mangifera odorata|fragrant mango]]
|-
|''limau bali''||''lima tambun''|| pomelo
|-
|''mangga''||''pauh''|| mango
|-
| ''manggis''||''thentol/thetol''||mangosteen
|-
| ''mencupu/cerapu''|| ''copu''
|''[[Wikipedia:Garcinia prainiana|Garcinia prainiana]]''
|-
|''petai''|| ''peté''||''[[Wikipedia:Parkia speciosa|Parkia speciosa]]''
|-
|''rambutan''||''mukté''|| [[Wikipedia:Rambutan|rambutan]]
|-
|''tampoi''||''laghah''|| ''[[Wikipedia:Baccaurea macrocarpa|Baccaurea macrocarpa]]''
|-
|''ubi keledek''
|''ubi ketéle''
|sweet potato
|}
== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Phineaner dialects}}
{{Phineaner dialects}}
{{Languages of Phinbella}}
{{Languages of Phinbella}}

Latest revision as of 01:57, 29 October 2024

{{{1}}} This article or section is a work in progress. The information below may be incomplete, outdated, or subject to change.
This article is about the Phineaner dialect spoken in Kōkai. For the Phineaner subgroup in the territory, see Kōkainese Phineaners.
Kōkainese Phineaner
Bahasa Phineaner Kōkai
بهاس ملايو كوكاي
黃海のマライ語
Base Kōkaï・Tschakak Kōkaï・Lüghat Kōkaï
バサ・黃海/チャカㇰ・黃海/ルォラッ・黃海
Pronunciation [basə ko̞ːka̠i], [tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i] or [luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i]
Spoken natively in Phinbella Phinbella
Region Kōkai Kōkai
Ethnicity Kōkainese Phineaners
Number of speakers ~1,980,000 (L1)
~784,000 (L2)
Language family

Dromonesian

Writing system Latin script (Phineaner alphabet)
Arabic script (Jawi)
Kana script (Manschūhōrian-Kōkainese kana)
Source Phineaner (with Gangwol, Terengganuan, Hiliorian and Oranje Phineaner influences)
Official status
Official language in Kōkai Kōkai
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated by Phinbellan Languages Studies Association
upright=90px
   Areas where Kōkainese Phineaner are spoken
   Areas where Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner are spoken
   Areas where Heijōnese Creole Phineaner are spoken

Kōkainese Phineaner (Sangunese: 黃海のマライ語?, Phineaner: Bahasa Phineaner Kōkaï; Jawi: بهاس ملايو كوكاي), also known as Base Kōkaï (バサ・黃海?, IPA: [basə ko̞ːka̠i]), Tschakak Kōkaï (チャカㇰ・黃海?, IPA: [tt͡ɕakak̚ ko̞ːka̠i]) or Lüghat Kōkaï (ルォラッ・黃海?, IPA: [luɔɣat̚ ko̞ːka̠i]), alternatively known as Northern Euran Phineaner, is a a dialect of Phineaner spoken in the Phinbellan special self-governing territory or state of Kōkai especially in the Losong and Glayzer river basin areas, as well as coastal areas up to part of Tukau and part of Padang Hijau and Bokor. It is the mother tongue of Kōkainese Phineaners, and it is also spoken by the largest minority as a second language, it is spoken together with Kōkainese Kyōwa-go, a branch of Kyōwa-go that exists in Phinbella. However, it is believed that the dialect originated from six Kōkainese periods with the influence of five other Phineaner dialects. Like the dialects of the Tempasuk region such as Manschūhōrian and even neighbouring Shandānø'kaílander, the Kōkainese dialect is considered non-standard, but sometimes will be standard over the territory. The Pansori text is written in the Kōkainese dialect. Although it is the official language and standard dialect throughout the state of Kōkai, its co-existence with other major dialects in Kōkai such as Gangwol, Hiliorian, Cocos, Shandānø'kaílander and Manschūhōrian, including several other language-based pidgins still plays an important role in maintaining Kōkai's identity.

This dialect has developed distinct phonetic, syntactic and lexical differences that make it unintelligible to speakers from outside Kōkai and outside the PES region, especially those who speak Standard Phineaner or Phinbellan. Kōkainese Phineaner still has a close linguistic relationship with the dialects in this territory due to the influence of those dialects. Together with the Shandānø'kaílander dialect, it forms under the umbrella term "Euran Phineaner language" but retains its own distinctive features that differ from the Shandānø'kaílander dialect. Kōkainese Phineaner can be divided into several sub-dialects in each collectivity and autonomous sub-district along the main river basin and it is named after the area or collectivity where it is spoken more.

Although the territory has a variety of dialects and languages, Kōkainese Phineaner is considered the most recognizable identity of the state. The use of Kōkainese Phineaner can be seen through regional songs that feature an urban atmosphere such as in Singapore Street, it can simultaneously penetrate the PP-pop market where most of the songs are in Gangwol dialect and other regional languages. Kīnichi Moyōmori is an up and coming HoYoverse label artist about to release his mini album in the Kōkainese Phineaner dialect. Radio stations in Kōkai either public (KBS FM Stereo Kōkai) or HRN affiliate station (FM Singapore Street) mostly use Kōkainese Phineaner in their broadcasts along with standard Phineaner. Recent years have shown increased awareness of the uniqueness of the Kōkainese Phineaner language since it was granted special self-governing status, such as the increasing use of Kōkainese Phineaner on shop signs and the recent publication of dictionaries and glossaries of subdialects, particularly the Singapore Street and Glayzer subdialects that have recently launched in early 1737 AN.

Names

Writing system

Classification

Distribution

Kōkainese Phineaner is spoken throughout the state except in southern parts of Kōkai such as South Furious, Saint Joseph and southern Collins, and some southwestern parts of the Ulu Telom collectivity where the Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner dialect is more widely used. While collectivities in the northwestern part such as Baronia (including the autonomous sub-region of Baronia Barat), Siwa and Beryl as well as the autonomous sub-region of Hasnah and Patricia used to speak Manschūhōrian and Gangwol dialects and various Tanah Baruan-Solovyovagradian languages ​​such as Javanese, Banjarese, Rawa, Mandailing and Bugis due to historical immigration of Manschūhōrians (mainly Gogobugians and Hondonese), Gangwol Phineaners and Tanah Baharuans to the area, but the speaking of these dialects has declined and been replaced by the standard subdialect of Kōkainese Phineaner in general, however there have an influence in their speech.

Besides Kōkai, it is also spoken in the Syōnan Archipelago along with the Syōnan Islands Phineaner creole, it is spoken by Syōnan Islanders of Kōkainese descent.

Variation and subdialects

Kōkainese Phineaner is divided into several subdialects in each collectivity crossed by the Glayzer and Losong river basins and also along the coastline, and each subdialect has its own uniqueness. The Singapore Street subdialect is the de facto standard dialect of Kōkainese Phineaner, which are spoken in the Singapore Street Metropolitan Area. From several subdialects of collectivity, it is also divided into several subdialects according to areas such as villages or towns and it also has its own uniqueness dependings of vocabularies. What all the subdialects have in common is the pronunciation of the letter "e" at the end of a word where Kōkainese Phineaner speakers tend to pronounce it as a schwa.

Residents in the collectivity of South Furious, Saint Joseph and some parts of Collins and Ulu Telom do not speak Kōkainese Phineaner, but instead use Shandānø'kaílander Phineaner, while some areas or villages in some collectivities in Kōkai speak dialects other than Kōkainese Phineaner. Collectivities with a non-Phineaner majority population speak Kōkainese Phineaner along with their mother tongue, mostly in standard subdialects.

Based on the 1724 AN study, the variations and subdialects of the Kōkainese Phineaner is as follows.

  • Kōkainese Phineaner
    • Singapore Street
      • Pusat Bandaraya
      • Hilir Bokor
      • Semarang
      • Salbiah Pantai
    • Glayzer
      • Ajil
      • Bukit Larut
      • Lojing Highlands
      • Hulu Nerus
      • Hulu Bokor
      • Merapok
      • Kusial
      • Tembungo
    • Tukau
    • Salbiah Timur
    • Betty
    • Padang Hijau
    • Sundar
    • Tanah Merah
    • Fairley Baram
    • Interior
      • Ulu Telom
      • Baronia

Literature

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/Affricate voiceless p t ts tɕ k ʔ
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
aspirate tsʰ tɕʰ
Fricative voiceless s ɕ h
voiced z ɣ
Semivowel w j
Lateral l
Trill r
Finals
Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p̚ t̚ k̚ ʔ
Syllabic consonant
Bilabial Velar
Nasal m̩ ŋ̍

Vowel

Monophthongs
Front Central Back
High i ĩ u ũ ʉ
Mid-High e o
Mid-Low ɛ ɛ̃ ə ɔ ɔ̃
Low a ã
Diphthongs and triphthongs
Diphthong Triphthong
ai ɛi ɛʲ ue iau
au iɛ iɔ uɔ ui uai

Comparison with Standard Phineaner

Vowels

Correspondence Rule
(SM ≙ KKM) 		Standard Phineaner/Phinbellan
(SM/BPM) 		Kōkainese Phineaner
(KKM) 		Istvanistani Translation
Final /a/ with nasal coda ≙ Long nasal [ɛ̃ː] jangan /d͡ʒaŋan/ jangé [ɟaŋɛ̃ː] 'don't'
≙ Long nasal [ãː] tulang /tulaŋ/ tular [tulãː] 'bone'
≙ Long nasal [ə̃ː] ayam /ajam/ ayer [ajə̃ː] 'chicken'
Initial, mid and final /ia/ ≙ Open-mid [ɛi] or [ɛʲ] biasa /biasa/ bijse [bɛisəː]~[bɛʲsə] 'normal'
berlian /bərlian/ berlijn [bərlɛin]~[bərlɛʲn] 'diamond'
diam /diam/ dijm [dɛim]~[dɛʲm] 'shut up'
Initial, mid and final /o/ ≙ Rounded [u] orang /oraŋ/ ughar [uɣãː] 'people'
Initial, mid and final /e/ ≙ Unrounded [i] cetong /t͡ʃetoŋ/ tschitung [t͡ɕituŋ] 'dipper'
Final /a/ in open-ended words ≙ Long [əː] mata /mata/ mate [matəː] 'eye'
/a/ in final /ah/ ≙ Open back unrounded [ɑ] rumah /rumah/ ghumoh [ɣumɑh] 'house'
/a/ in final /ak/ banyak /baɲak/ banyok [baɲɑʔ] 'many'
Initial /ua/ ≙ Open-mid [ɔ] kuala /kuala/ kole [kɔləː] 'river mouth'
Mid and final /ua/ ≙ Nasal [ɔ̃] pertualang /pərtualaŋ/ petolar [pətɔ̃lãː] 'adventure'
sengkuang /səŋkuaŋ/ thekong [t͡səkɔ̃ŋ] 'squat/turnip'
/ə/ in coda /ər/ ≙ Open-mid [ɔ] kerbau /kərbau/ koba [kɔbaː] 'buffalo'
Final /ua/ before final coda /r/ ≙ Open-mid [uɔ] seluar /səluar/ theluo [t͡səluɔ] 'pants'
Final /i/ before final coda /r/ ≙ Open-mid [iɔ] kafir /kaɸir/ kapio [kapiɔ] 'non-Umraist'
Final /ai/ ≙ Long [ɛ̃ː] sungai /suŋai/ thungé [t͡suŋɛ̃ː] 'river'
Final /au/ ≙ Long [aː] pulau /pulau/ pula [pulaː] 'isle/island'
/u/ in coda /uŋ/ ≙ Nasal [ũ] mungkin /muŋkin/ mukin [mũkin] 'maybe'

Consonants

Correspondence Rule
(SM ≙ KKM) 		Standard Phineaner/Phinbellan
(SM/BPM) 		Kōkainese Phineaner
(KKM) 		Istvanistani Translation
Final coda /f/ ≙ Voiceless fricative [ç] maaf /maaf/ maaéh [maaç] 'sorry'
Final coda /s/ panas /panas/ panaéh [panaç] 'hot'
Initial, mid and final /r/ ≙ Velar fricative [ɣ] ramai /ramai/ ghamé [ɣamɛ̃ː] 'many'
Initial and mid /f/ ≙ Voiceless plosive [p] fasal /fasal/ pathé [pat͡sɛ̃ː] 'clause'
Coda /r/ ≙ Omitted permata /pərmata/ pemate [pəmatəː] 'jewellery'
Mid /b/ lembu /ləmbu/ lemu [ləmu] 'cow'
Initial /h/ hidung /hiduŋ/ idung [idoŋ] 'nose'
Final coda /p/ ≙ Unreleased stop [p̚] letup /lətup/ letup [lətup̚] 'to explode'
≙ Unreleased stop [k̚] cakap /t͡ʃakap/ tschakak [t͡ɕakak̚] 'to talk'
Final coda /t/ ≙ Unreleased stop [t̚] sesat /səsat/ thesat [t͡səsat̚] 'lost'
Initial and mid /s/ ≙ Voiceless plosive [t͡s] laksa /laksa/ laktha [lakt͡səː] 'Laksa'
Initial and mid /t͡ʃ/ ≙ Voiceless plosive [t͡ɕ] cuci /t͡ʃut͡ʃi/ tschutschi [t͡ɕut͡ɕi] 'to wash'
Initial and mid /d͡ʒ/ ≙ Voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] jalan /d͡ʒalan/ jalé [ɟalɛ̃ː] 'path'
panjang /pand͡ʒaŋ/ panjar [paɲɟãː] 'long'

Vocabulary

Basic Words
Kōkainese Phineaner Standard Phineaner English Translation
jamah pegang 'to hold'
mensoi/mansoi/monsoi baik 'good'
goba risau 'worried'
ghohot susah 'difficult'
éték juga 'too'
kikoh gigit 'to bite'
kupit kedekut 'greedy'
kesit sunyi 'quiet'
tobit keluar 'exit/out'
kemop petang 'evening'
gégé gigil 'shiver'
pitung baling 'to throw'
ndok bukan 'not'
adau hari 'day'
bang azan 'Adhan'
katschak cantik 'beautiful'
gago sibuk 'busy'
dobol buang air 'poop'
jabir plastik 'plastic bag'
ngipit bebel 'yapping'
Kōkainese Phineaner Standard Phineaner English Translation
bayak beritahu 'tell'
neghe lena 'fell sleep'
dijn lilin 'candle'
dijt lihat 'look'
ttingkoh mengada 'make up'
bejombap/tejombap serempak/sungkur 'bumped/fell down'
tahane hina 'insult'
tschungit terangkat 'lifted'
lokoh basah 'wet'
senalo selalu 'always'
seriba siang 'noon/daytime'
enselan minyak petrol 'petroleum oil'
melinsah seterika 'iron'
nagohom rumah 'house'
bukop bulu 'fur/hair'
gubar perahu 'ship/boat'
liwo-liwo siar-siar 'travel/trip'

Personal pronouns

Kōkainese Phineaner Personal Pronouns
Type of pronoun Kōkainese Phineaner Meaning
First person Singular kéme, kékme (general),
jaij (intimate),
kaijn (familiar),
aye (very polite),
aku (informal) 		I, me
Plural kume (general),
jami (intimate) 		we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
kite (general),
jati (intimate) 		we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
Second person Singular mume, mome (general),
dighi (familiar),
dijun, ijun (intimate),
ka, ngka, kamu (informal) 		you, thou, thee
Plural seme (general),
mukeme,
mengmume*,
mendighi* 		you, y'all
Third person Singular die/diye/iye,
dime (familiar) 		he, she, him, her
Plural dime (general),
dipe 		they, them

Intensifiers

Instead of using 'bebeno', 'nyah' or 'sangat' as intensifier for an adjective, Kōkainese Phineaner speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.

Standard Malay Kōkainese Phineaner Meaning
sangat putih putih melipok very white
sangat hitam iter leger/kebélék very dark/black
sangat merah mighoh kedaghak very red
sangat kuning kuning sio very yellow
sangat cantik katschak mat very beautiful
sangat busuk busuk urapok/latung very smelly
sangat hancing atsching pighing very stenchy
sangat hanyir hanyor mekok very fishy
sangat manis manih leting very sweet
sangat masin masin peghok very salty
sangat tawar tawo hesyo/besyo very tasteless
sangat masam maser naon very sour
sangat hangus angit pingit very scorched
sangat terik paneh tschitsching very hot (Sun)
sangat panas angat pijo very hot
sangat sejuk sijuk bidi very cold
sangat tebal tebé membakut very thick
sangat besar besor kebalok very big
sangat kecil kitschik kitot very small
sangat kurus kuruih meghihik very thin (body)
sangat wangi wongi ghokong very fragrant
sangat laju laju ketschoghot very faster
sangat bising gégé keguntor/mikok very noisy

Animals

Kōkainese Phineaner also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Phineaner for some animals.

Standard Phineaner Kōkainese Phineaner Meaning
anjing asu dog
ayam ayer chicken
biawak jéwok monitor lizard
buaya boye crocodile
burung bughong bird
cacing tchatchik worm
cencurut bintakop Phineonesian shrew
harimau ghima tiger
ikan haruan/gabus anok maghok,
iké botschat/bujuk,
iké bado		 snakehead murrel
ikan temelian/tembelian iké temolijn Probarbus jullieni
ikan tongkol iké aye Euthynnus affinis
ikan cencaru iké tschentschaghut torpedo scad
ikan pelaga iké thkilar fighting fish
kala jengking kale lipit scorpion
kambing kambeng goat
kelekatu mengkiok, mengkatu winged caste of termite
kerbau koba buffalo
kerengga khongge weaver ant
kucing kutscheng cat
labi-labi jelebo softshell tortoise
pepatung/sesibur thakthibo/thikthibo dragonfly
pianggang cenanga/cenango Leptocoriza varicornis
semut api simut gaté fire ant
singa thinge lion
sotong thutung squid
ular ulo snake

Fruits and plants

Kōkainese Phineaner has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Phineaner.

Standard Phineaner Kōkainese Phineaner Meaning
ciku thao/thawo manile Manilkara zapota
cili tschabé chili
cili padi/api tschabé bughong Bird's eye chili
durian doyan durian
durian belanda doyan mokoh soursop
kabung apong sugar palm
kedondong amra Spondias dulcis
kelapa nyio coconut
kerdas giduok/ginuok Archidendron bubalinum
kuini kijning fragrant mango
limau bali lima tambun pomelo
mangga pauh mango
manggis thentol/thetol mangosteen
mencupu/cerapu copu Garcinia prainiana
petai peté Parkia speciosa
rambutan mukté rambutan
tampoi laghah Baccaurea macrocarpa
ubi keledek ubi ketéle sweet potato

See also

v • d • e
Dialects and creoles of the Phineaner language in Micras
Standard language
Phinbellan · Forajasakian · Indokistani and Petrosian · Matabese · Zyrkistani
Dialects
Trade languages and creoles
v • d • e
Phinbella Languages of Phinbella
Main languages
Official
Regional
Vernacular
Families
Natives &
Indigenous
Nationwide
Phineaner dialects
Indigenous languages
Sign languages
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