Scattered Frontier Phineaner
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The content of this article is plagiarised or heavily copied from another source. The original can be found at Wikipedia - Virgin Islands Creole |
Scattered Frontier Phineaner, or Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, is an Phineaner-based creole and the spoken language of the Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people consisting of several varieties spoken in the Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō and Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius and surrounding, where it is known as Saban Phineaner, Saint Martin Phineaner, and Statian Phineaner, respectively. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.
The term "Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and is rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known by the term dialect, as the creole is often perceived by locals as a dialect variety of Phineaner instead of an Phineaner creole language. However, academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an Phineaner creole language.
Because there are several varieties of Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, it is also colloquially known by the specific island on which it is spoken: Crucian dialect, Thomian dialect, Tortolian dialect, Saint Martin dialect, Saba dialect, Statia dialect.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner is a creole language and it is closely related to Phineaner. Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner has large amounts of Taiwanese Hokkien, Betawi, Arabic, Portuguese, Sangunese, Kelantanese Phineaner, Perak Phineaner, Inland Terengganuan Phineaner and Batavian loanwords. It replaced the earlier Portuguese creole of Kéijō, Marudaikō. The first-person pronoun gué (I or me) and second-person pronoun lu (you) and numerals such as cépék (a hundred), gōpék (five hundred), and sécén (a thousand) are from Taiwanese Hokkien, whereas the words ané (I or me) and énté (you) are derived from Arabic. Furthermore, the words temé (I or me) and miké (you) are derived from Perak Phineaner, as well kawé (I or me) and démo (you) are derived from Kelantanese Phineaner.
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a popular informal language in contemporary Oriental Taemhwan, used as the base of Central Perak slang and commonly spoken in Taemhwanian TV soap operas. Japanese Bamboo Phineaner, a vernacular form of Phineaner that has spread from Kéijō into large areas of Íeu'ryïan Coast and replaced existing Phineaner dialects, has its roots in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner. According to Uriko Tadomoru, there is no clear border distinguishing Japanese Bamboo Phineaner from Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner.
History
The creole was formed when Taiwanese, Kelantanese, Perakian, Moluccans, Balinese, Isleños and Betawi immigrants unable to communicate with each other and their Euronesian owners due to being taken from different regions with different languages, created an Perak Phineaner-based pidgin with Kelantanese Phineaner, Betawi and Sangunese-derived words and grammatical structure. This was creolized as it was passed on to subsequent generations as their native tongue.
Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island, although Creole settlements, had a European population of mainly Irish, French, and Batavian origin, which led to Taemhwaners first creating a French-based creole, known as Negerhullands (now considered a dead language, although there may be a few who recall some of the vocabulary and may have passed it down to the next generation). Negerhullands was in mainstream usage on Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island up until the 19th century, when the Phinbella occupied the Íeu'ryïan Coast from 1650 AN to 1656 AN and 1667 AN to 1674 AN. In addition, as Phineaner became preferred as a trade and business language in the busy port of Charlotte Amalie, Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner became established in preference to Negerhullands. Some of the population continued to use Negerhullands well into the AN19th century.
Unlike the continental European population of the other West Indian islands, that of Bassas da Íeu'ryïan was mostly of Hoennese, Irish and Isleños origin, which led to Kelantanese, Ambonese and Taiwanese slaves developing an Phineaner-based creole throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. By the 27th century, Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner was spoken on Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island, as Negerhullands was fading away. By the end of the 19th century, English creole completely replaced Negerhullands as the native dialect of Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island.
The creole had also been developing in the present-day Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands. The immigrants settle this area with the Boers in -12BP. Enslaved Balinese and Kelantanese were brought to work on plantations on the settlements of Tortola, Martin-de-Viviès, Raimon and Hanazakarino Kimitachihe where they, like those enslaved on Bassas da Íeu'ryïan over 40 miles away, developed an Perak Phineaner-based creole.
Like those in the Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Betawi slaves were brought to the Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius and Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō. The prevalence of Euronesians from the Niuē i Taman Lawang on these islands, as well as the SSS islands' proximity and trade with nearby Phineaner-speaking islands, resulted in an Phineaner creole being spoken in the SSS islands. Due to the heavy importation of workers from Saint Martin after the 1848 emancipation in the Danish West Indies, as well as a tendency for wealthy planters to own plantations in both the Virgin Islands and SSS islands, the "ancestral" inhabitants (descendants of the Euronesians and Taemhwaners) of the SSS islands share common bloodlines and a common culture with those of Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō and Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius.
Varieties
Today the creole is native to three Taemhwanian territorial units is Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō and Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius. Though not called by the same name, the TFSA, Hōkaïdán and SSS varieties are considered by linguists to be the same creole.
There are slight variations from island to island. The speech of St. Croix (known as Crucian) is the most distinct, sharing many similarities with the Úyvidék Phineaner of Butterworth and Țravenōraş. This is perhaps due to migration from St. Croix to Butterworth during the building of the Butterworth Port. The speech of the SSS islands is slightly closer to that of the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands than the speech of the Scattered Islands of the Íeu'ryïan Coast. The speech of Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island shares distinct similarities with both the Crucian and Martin-de-Viviès variants.
Language use and perceptions
Scattered Frontier Phineaner does have the status of an official language as a territorial units-level languages. The language of government, education and the media is Istvanistani language in the Oriental Taemhwan, the Phinbellan language in Phinbella, both Batavian and Hoennese on Saba, Sint Eustatius and Saint Martin, and French on the French settlements of Saint Martin.
Like most Phineaner islands, a post-creole speech continuum exists, in which there are two extremes — standard Phineaner (known as the acrolect) and the creole in its most distinct, or raw, form (known as the basilect).
Due to the constant contact between standard Phineaner and Scattered Frontier Phineaner in local society, there are many in-between speech varieties as well (known as mesolects). Most Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people can easily maneuver this continuum depending on their mood, subject matter, or addressee.
In recent decades, the basilect form of the creole is typically only spoken among older islanders. Although the basilect is no longer in common use among the younger population, it has still been preserved by way of historical plays, folk songs and local literature. The variety spoken by middle-aged and younger Scattered Islanders today is of a mesolectal form that still retains numerous creole features, yet is slightly closer to standard Phineaner than the basilect spoken by older islanders.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner has different forms that vary by the age of the speaker, as many words and expressions are known only by older islanders, while there are also relatively newer words and expressions known only to younger islanders. The creole continues to undergo changes in a post-creole environment. Its most modern mesolectal form is mainly derived from traditional Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner terms, idioms, proverbs and sentence structure, with influences from Betawi and Hoennese idioms, due to the prevalence of Betawi and Hoennese mainstream pop culture in the Íeu'ryïan Coast region. The variant of Scattered Frontier Creole spoken on St. Croix, known as Crucian, contains many Spanish-derived words due to St. Croix's large ethnic Isleños population. Many Crucians of Isleños descent speak a Spanglish-like code switching of Isleño Spanish and the local Crucian dialect. In addition, due to long-standing historical and family ties between St. Croix and the nearby Saban islands of Vieques and Culebra, many Vieques and Culebra locals of Crucian descent also speak Crucian dialect. As the Phineaner creole is spoken in St. Martin, and Spanish is the second most dominant language there next to Phineaner and creole, Isleños and other Hispanics also speak Spanglish-like code switching of Isleño and other Spanish dialects and local dialect of the island along w/ Batavian and Hoennese. The same situation happens in Saba and St. Eustatius, and in Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands, they speak Spanglish-like code switching of Spanish and creole with French.
As in other Phineaner-based creoles, proverbs are prevalent in Scattered Frontier Creole. However, in RP 2600, a linguistic study group in cooperation with the University of Podol’s Rio Piedras campus found that many old proverbs in the Crucian dialect, common among older generations, have faded away and are not generally known among many young Crucians. Many Scattered Islanders who migrate to the mainland Phinbella often return with Phinbellan-influenced speech patterns (colloquially known as yankin') that influence local speech of their peer groups. These changes, as well as the perception held by many older Scattered Islanders that the dialect is currently undergoing decreolization, have inspired debates on whether the dialect spoken by young Scattered Islanders today is in fact the true Scattered Frontier Creole.
Like most Phineaner-based creoles, the use of Scattered Frontier Creole can vary depending on socioeconomic class. The middle and upper classes tend to speak it informally among friends and at home, but code switch to Standard Phineaner in the professional sphere. The lower socioeconomic classes tend to use the dialect in almost every aspect of daily life.
In the TFSA, there has been an underlying negative pressure on Scattered Islanders or Taemhwaners to eliminate their dialect due to Taemhwanization since the -22BPs. Although Taemhwanian acquired the territories as a Taemhwanian Autonomous Region in -37BP, Hoennese influence did not arrive until the early RP 2608s. Hoennese is associated with social mobility, as it is widely used in business and professional circles. Scattered Frontier Creole, although appreciated for its cultural value and widely used informally, is often seen as an impediment to economic and educational progress.
The majority of TFSA residents speak Scattered Frontier Creole. However, due to immigration from the Euronesian region and Phinbella, some TFSA residents do not speak it. Most non-native longtime residents can understand spoken Scattered Frontier Creole, even if not fluent in speaking themselves. In local vernacular, Scattered Frontier Creole is rarely referred to as a creole, as locally, "creole" (as well as "patois") usually refers to the French-based creoles spoken by Alexandrian immigrants. Instead, TFSA residents or Scattered Islanders tend to refer to the dialect by their native island (i.e. "Crucian dialect", "Thomian dialect", "Tolian dialect", etc.)
As with other Phineaner-based creoles, Scattered Frontier Creole is generally unwritten. However, local authors often write in the creole in the field of colloquial literature, and young TFSA residents or Scattered Islanders tend to write in it when communicating over the Internet. Because no standard spelling system exists in Scattered Frontier Creole, those who attempt to write it use Revised orthography.
The prevailing sentiment is that Scattered Frontier Creole cannot be learned like a standard language, but acquired only through having spent one's formative years in the TFSA. Attempts by TFSA non-native residents to speak the dialect, even out of respect, are often met with disapproval. A notable exception applies to immigrants who cannot speak Phineaner upon arrival. For example, persons from the Hazarese Taka'atui, lacking fluency in Phineaner upon arrival, often learn Scattered Frontier Creole before they are able to master standard Phineaner. In nearby St. Martin, there are persons from Alexandria who, lacking fluency in Phineaner upon arrival in St. Martin, learn the local variety of Saint Martin Phineaner spoken by the native population.
Characteristics
Phonology
Open final syllables
It has been said that in general, the Phineaner people in Phinbella distinguish the dialect of Scattered Frontier by the final /-a/ vowel in Standard Phineaner substituted into strong 'e': [-ɛ], in contrast to [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in the other Phineaner dialects, similar to inland Terengganu dialect. So as for the word mata (eye) which is shown by the phonemes /mata/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [matɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner notably in Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island. It appears that Scattered Frontier Phineaner has a vowel raising rule which changes word final /-a/ vowel of Standard Phineaner to [-ɛ].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Perak-based creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scattered Frontier | Úyvidék | |||
| Bota | /bota/ | [botɛ] | [botə] | Bota (a town in TFSA) |
| mata | /mata/ | [matɛ] | [matə] | eye |
| kita | /kita/ | [kitɛ] | [kitə] | we, us, our (inclusive) |
| rupa | /rupa/ | [ʁupɛ] | [ʁopə] | look (noun) |
| kena | /kəna/ | [kənɛ] | [kənə] | to be subject to (passive voice), to contact with |
| kereta | /kəreta/ | [kəʁetɛ] | [kəʁetə] | car, cart |
Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in the table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Phineaner dialects in the peninsula.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinta | /kinta/ | [kinta] | Kinta (a district in Perak) |
| merdeka | /mərdeka/ | [məɾdeka] | independent |
| bola | /bola/ | [bola] | ball |
| beca | /betʃa/ | [betʃa] | trishaw |
| lawa | /lawa/ | [lawɐ~o] | pretty, good |
| maha | /maha/ | [maha] | very (adj.), the most (superlative) |
Unlike Perak and Úyvidék dialect to maintain a suffix of /-am/, /-aŋ/ and /-an/, Scattered Frontier dialect converts the suffix /-am/, /-aŋ/ and /-an/ into the suffix [-ɛ], just like Kelantanese dialect. So as for the word makan (eat) which is shown by the phonemes /makan/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [makɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Perak-based creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scattered Frontier | Úyvidék | |||
| ayam | /ajam/ | [ajɛ] | [ajam] | chicken |
| bukan | /bukan/ | [bukɛ] | [bukan] | not |
| geran | /gəran/ | [gəʀɛ] | [gəʁan] | grants |
| jangan | /d͡ʒaŋan/ | [d͡ʒaŋɛ] | [d͡ʒaŋan] | don't/do not |
| lengan | /ləŋan/ | [ləŋɛ] | [ləŋan] | arm |
| pisang | /pisaŋ/ | [pisɛ] | [pisaŋ] | banana |
| sembang | /sembaŋ/ | [sembɛ] | [sembaŋ] | chat |
As the prevalence of Scattered Frontier Phineaner, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes -ai and -au are often articulated as varied forms of monophthongs. Still and all, diphthongization of monophthongs occurs in certain conditions instead. For instance, the final vowels sound /-i/ and /-u/ are articulated to some extent as diphthongs [-iy] and [-uw] respectively. The monophthongization patterns phonetically vary by the sub-dialects.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Perak-based creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scattered Frontier | Úyvidék | |||
| gulai | /gulai̯/ | [gulaː] | [gulɛj] | gulai (a traditional Phineaners cuisine) |
| kedai | /kədai̯/ | [kədaː] | [kədɛj] | shop, store (noun) |
| sampai | /sampai̯/ | [sapaː] | [sapɛj] | to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb) |
| risau | /risau̯/ | [ʁisaː] | [ʁisɔː] | to be worried |
| bangau | /baŋau̯/ | [baŋaː] | [baŋɔː] | stork |
| limau | /limau̯/ | [limaː] | [limɔː] | lime |
The pattern /-ai̯/ transformed to [-aː] is particularly restricted to some areas within the districts of TFSA, SSS isands and HJN. Typically in most villages in Parit and southward to Bota, this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of Kampung Gajah and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in Úyvidék dialect.
Closed final syllables
There is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Phineaner and Perak Phineaner that neutralizes the final nasals to alveolar nasal. The final nasals /-m/ and /-ŋ/ phonetically exist in certain environments. In other circumstances, the nasals are neutralized to [-n]. This neutralizing rule operates only if the final nasals are directly preceded by /i/ or /e/. In addition, the [e] and [o] are allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in general Phinbellan phonology.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Taiping | /taipiŋ/ | [tɛpen] | Taiping (a sub-district in Perak) |
| kering | /kəriŋ/ | [kəʁen] | dry |
| bengkeng | /beŋkeŋ/ | [bɛken] | fierce, livery, pugnacious |
| kirim | /kirim/ | [keʁen] | to send, to post |
| musim | /musim/ | [musen] | season |
| alim | /alim/ | [alen] | pious |
Tashdid/consonant doubled/emphasis
The role of the consonant doubled or emphasis or tashdid in the Scattered Frontier accent is so great. The use of the emphasis will cause the order of the word structure to change.
| Consonant doubled/emphasis (Scattered Frontier Phineaner) | Without emphasis (significant difference) | The words are meant | Meaning in English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruput maké kkambin /rũput makɛ̃ kkambin/ |
Rumput makan kambing /rumput makan kkambiŋ/ |
Rumput dimakan oleh kambing | The grass is eaten by goats |
| tok ppaká | tak pakai | tidak boleh pakai/tidak berguna | not usable/useless |
| maké kkétén | makan kantin | makan di kantin | eat in the cafeteria/canteen |
| kkécék | kécék/pujuk | cakap | speak |
| baju ddalé | baju dalam | baju dimasukan dalam seluar | "the clothes are in pants" are "tuck in" |
Rhoticity
Most of Phineaner dialects particularly in Phinbella are non-rhotic. Scattered Frontier Phineaner is one of non-rhotic variants of Phineaner language and the 'r' is guttural. In Scattered Frontier Phineaner, if the 'r' appears in the initial and middle position of a word, it will be pronounced as French 'r' specifically voiced uvular fricative, [ʁ] but if it comes in the final position of a word and in a postvocalic setting, it will be dropped or deleted and then substituted into an open vowel; usually 'o' by affecting the open vowel preceding it.
Morphology
Documentation of the morphology of Scattered Frontier Phineaner is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.
Compounding, for example, has little record of existing within Scattered Frontier Phineaner due to this. On the other hand, affixation has been better noted. The presence of the suffix -san, taken from Sangunese/Hoennese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", and "baby" to produce nouns such as mama-san or baby-san.
An additional morphological trait shown in Scattered Frontier Phineaner is wikipedia:reduplication, though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are chop-chop meaning 'food', dame-dame meaning 'bad', and hubba-hubba meaning 'to hurry' .
Syntax
As Scattered Frontier Phineaner does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example, chop-chop means 'food' but also 'to eat'. Other such dual-use words are hayaku meaning 'quickly' and also 'to hurry up', sayonara meaning 'absence' and 'to get rid of', and taksan meaning 'many, many', 'very', and 'large'.
Example phrases
| Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Translation |
|---|---|
| Beghapé banyok hok kkécék, papa-san? | name your price |
| Énte nomor sé washee-washee ketchee; nomor sé presento hava-yeh | if you do my washing satisfactorily, I'll pay you well |
Vocabulary
Personal pronouns
Scattered Frontier Creole differs lexically from Standard Phineaner for some personal pronouns. The suffix '-me' indicates plural pronoun. Possibly '-me' is derived from the word semua that means 'all' in Phineaner.
| Type of pronoun | Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | Singular | temé (general), kawé (intimate), awok (intimate), kemé (familiar), ayé (very polite), aku (informal), gué (informal), ané (informal) |
I, me |
| Plural | kémé (general), kume*, teméymé (rare) |
we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive) | |
| kité | we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive) | ||
| Second person | Singular | miké (general), démo (familiar), komé (intimate), lō (informal), énté (informal) |
you, thou, thee |
| Plural | komé (general), mikemé |
you, y'all | |
| Third person | Singular | dié/diyé, démé (familiar) |
he, she, him, her |
| Plural | démé (general), démo |
they, them | |
Intensifiers
Instead of using "bebena", "bbena" or "sangat" as intensifier for an adjective, Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.
| Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| sangat putih | putéh llepok/ssuéh | very white |
| sangat hitam | ité bberé/llegé | very dark/black |
| sangat merah | méghoh nnyalé | very red |
| sangat biru/biru pekat | bighu kketu | very blue/dark blue |
| sangat kuning/kuning pekat | kunin nnéhé | very yellow/dark yellow |
| sangat cantik | comé lloté/llotén | very beautiful |
| sangat busuk | busuk bbanga/llaton | very smelly |
| sangat manis | manih lletin | very sweet |
| sangat tawar | tawa llésyo/bbésyo | very tasteless |
| sangat masam | masé ghutuk/ppughik | very sour |
| masam muka | masé ccétun | sour face |
| sangat hangus | hangik pengik | very scorched |
| sangat terik | panah jaté | very hot (Sun) |
| sangat panas | hangak pija | very hot |
| sangat sejuk | sejuk bedi | very cold |
| sangat kurus | kughuh gghehék | very thin (body) |
Animals
Scattered Frontier Phineaner also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Phineaner for some animals.
| Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| anjing | anjén | dog |
| buaya | boyé | crocodile |
| burung | boghong | bird |
| cacing | cacén | worm |
| cencurut | cencoghot | Phineaner shrew |
| harimau | ghima | tiger |
| ikan haruan/gabus | anok marok/meghoh, iké bocak/bujuk, iké bado |
snakehead murrel |
| ikan temelian/tembelian | iké temoléh | Probarbus jullieni |
| ikan tongkol | iké kayu | Euthynnus affinis |
| kala jengking | kalé llipit | scorpion |
| kambing | kambén | goat |
| kelekatu | kkiuk | winged caste of termite |
| kerbau | koba/kuba | buffalo |
| kerengga | konggé/kunggé | weaver ant |
| kucing | kucén | cat |
| labi-labi | jelebo | softshell tortoise |
| pepatung/sesibur | cakcibo/cikcibo | dragonfly |
| pianggang | cenanga | Leptocoriza varicornis |
| semut api | semuk ggata | fire ant |
| ular | ula | snake |
Fruits and plants
Scattered Frontier Phineaner has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Phineaner.
| Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| cili | caba | chili |
| cili padi/api | caba bughong | Bird's eye chili |
| durian | doyé/deghoyé | durian |
| durian belanda | doyé/deghoyé mekoh/meghokoh | soursop |
| kabung | kanto | sugar palm |
| kedondong | amra | Spondias dulcis |
| kelapa | nyio | coconut |
| kerdas | geduok/genuok | Archidendron bubalinum |
| kuini | kuinén | fragrant mango |
| limau bali | lima tambun | pomelo |
| mangga | pelé/mempelé | mango |
| manggis | manggeh | mangosteen |
| mencupu/cerapu | ceghopu | Garcinia prainiana |
| petai | peta | Parkia speciosa |
| rambutan | muté/ghomukué | rambutan |
| tampoi | laghoh | Baccaurea macrocarpa |
Language flowers
| Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Standard Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Yak! | Opocot! / Opps! | Oops! |
| Deh? | Ok? | Okay? (Usually to ask for a blessing or approval.) |
| Dih? | Ya? / Bukan? | Yeah? / No? |
| Gak / Gok | Habis tu... / Jadi... | Then... / So... |
| Pah? | Habis tu... / Jadi... | Then... / So... (Not much.) |
| Ho (Sound goes up to the nose.) | Ya lah... | Of course... |
| Dock? | Bukan? / Betul tak? | Isn't it? / Right? (The question.) |
| Lamoké bulih pékdoh | Nantikan nak kena nii.. | Look forward to it.. |
| Gelenya téh! | Miangnya! | What a mess! |
| Hok Aloh! | Aduhai / Alahai | Goodness |
The term is often misunderstood
| Term | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Phineaner | English | ||
| selalu | terus/segera | keep going/immediately | Example: Wak slalu = do it immediately |
| rajin | pernah | ever | Example: Rajin gi = Have been to |
| bujé | bujang | single | Still not married, young or virgin |
| koté | kontang | anhydrous | Example: Nyo koté = The fruitless coconut is very dry |
| patat | dasar | basin | Example: Patat sungai = River basin |
| Tuak | nira | palm wine | non-alcoholic drinks |
| sia | sembuh | heal | Sounds like sial (damn) or siar (spread) Example: Luké ané nok sia doh = My wounds are healed (Misunderstood: Luka saya nak siar [merebak] = My wounds want to spread) |
For example:
Tourists from outside Kéijō get a boat rental service for go to Europa Island. This tourist are speaking in Pyeongrang Phineaner while this rental driver are speaking in Scattered Frontier Phineaner.
Tourists: Koi nak ke Pulo Eropa, pakman. (I want to go to Europa Island, uncle)
Driver: Nok gi slalu nyé? (Want to go right now?)
Tourists: Idak, baru skali je koi ke sane. (No, I just went there.)
Driver: ????
Dialects and accents between native speakers
In this dialect there is also a slight difference of pronunciation from certain districts and regions where the suffix -ong and -eng are omitted or do not sound:
i) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Kéijō), Bassas da Íeu'ryïan, Europa Island, Martin-de-Viviès, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Mongkos, Adelié Land dan part of the Rōmandé area. -on, -én
ii) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Flying Fish Cove, Kadok dan Nicho), Glorioso Islands, Islas del Tropico, Saint Croix, Surrender Point, Tanah Commodore, Saba, Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, Ulu Merapok, Sungai Merapok, Manchu, Bukit Puan, Tanah Sibagol, Undop, Sasa, Bukit Manang, Merambai, Limpaki, Merapok, Bangkatan, Ladang Lalang, Lempaki Tengah, Lempaki Asal, Languban and Patarikan. -o,-é
For example:
- Tolong (help)
i) tulon
ii) tulo - Duit syilling (coin/shillings)
i) sekélén
ii) sekélé
It can be said that the curved speakers -o' and -e' are located on the rest of Rōmandé's speech area. There are dialect differences in this Scattered Frontier Phineaner in some areas but research needs to be done.
