Scattered Frontier Phineaner
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The content of this article is plagiarised or heavily copied from another source. The original can be found at Wikipedia - Virgin Islands Creole |
Scattered Frontier Phineaner, or Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, is an Phineaner-based creole and the spoken language of the Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people consisting of several varieties spoken in the Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō and Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki and surrounding, where it is known as Sabakian Phineaner, Saint Martin Phineaner, and Skian Phineaner, respectively. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.
The term "Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and is rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known by the term dialect, as the creole is often perceived by locals as a dialect variety of Phineaner instead of an Phineaner creole language. However, academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an Phineaner creole language.
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a popular informal language in contemporary Oriental Taemhwan and commonly spoken in Taemhwanian TV soap operas. Bamboo Phineaner, a vernacular form of Phineaner that has spread from Kéijō into large areas of Íeu'ryïan Coast and replaced existing Phineaner dialects, has its roots in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner. According to Uriko Tadomoru, there is no clear border distinguishing Bamboo Phineaner from Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner.
History
Varieties
Characteristics
Phonology
Open final syllables
It has been said that in general, the Phineaner people in Phinbella distinguish the dialect of Scattered Frontier by the final /-a/ vowel in Standard Phineaner substituted into strong 'e': [-ɛ], in contrast to [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in the other Phineaner dialects, similar to inland Terengganu dialect. So as for the word mata (eye) which is shown by the phonemes /mata/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [matɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner notably in Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island. It appears that Scattered Frontier Phineaner has a vowel raising rule which changes word final /-a/ vowel of Standard Phineaner to [-ɛ].
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Perak-based creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scattered Frontier | Úyvidék | |||
| Bota | /bota/ | [botɛ] | [botə] | Bota (a town in TFSA) |
| mata | /mata/ | [matɛ] | [matə] | eye |
| kita | /kita/ | [kitɛ] | [kitə] | we, us, our (inclusive) |
| rupa | /rupa/ | [ʁupɛ] | [ʁopə] | look (noun) |
| kena | /kəna/ | [kənɛ] | [kənə] | to be subject to (passive voice), to contact with |
| kereta | /kəreta/ | [kəʁetɛ] | [kəʁetə] | car, cart |
Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in the table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Phineaner dialects in the peninsula.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinta | /kinta/ | [kinta] | Kinta (a district in Perak) |
| merdeka | /mərdeka/ | [məɾdeka] | independent |
| bola | /bola/ | [bola] | ball |
| beca | /betʃa/ | [betʃa] | trishaw |
| lawa | /lawa/ | [lawɐ~o] | pretty, good |
| maha | /maha/ | [maha] | very (adj.), the most (superlative) |
Unlike Perak and Úyvidék dialect to maintain a suffix of /-am/, /-aŋ/ and /-an/, Scattered Frontier dialect converts the suffix /-am/, /-aŋ/ and /-an/ into the suffix [-ɛ], just like Kelantanese dialect. So as for the word makan (eat) which is shown by the phonemes /makan/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [makɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Perak-based creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scattered Frontier | Úyvidék | |||
| ayam | /ajam/ | [ajɛ] | [ajam] | chicken |
| bukan | /bukan/ | [bukɛ] | [bukan] | not |
| geran | /gəran/ | [gəʀɛ] | [gəʁan] | grants |
| jangan | /d͡ʒaŋan/ | [d͡ʒaŋɛ] | [d͡ʒaŋan] | don't/do not |
| lengan | /ləŋan/ | [ləŋɛ] | [ləŋan] | arm |
| pisang | /pisaŋ/ | [pisɛ] | [pisaŋ] | banana |
| sembang | /sembaŋ/ | [sembɛ] | [sembaŋ] | chat |
As the prevalence of Scattered Frontier Phineaner, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes -ai and -au are often articulated as varied forms of monophthongs. Still and all, diphthongization of monophthongs occurs in certain conditions instead. For instance, the final vowels sound /-i/ and /-u/ are articulated to some extent as diphthongs [-iy] and [-uw] respectively. The monophthongization patterns phonetically vary by the sub-dialects.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Perak-based creole | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scattered Frontier | Úyvidék | |||
| gulai | /gulai̯/ | [gulaː] | [gulɛj] | gulai (a traditional Phineaners cuisine) |
| kedai | /kədai̯/ | [kədaː] | [kədɛj] | shop, store (noun) |
| sampai | /sampai̯/ | [sapaː] | [sapɛj] | to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb) |
| risau | /risau̯/ | [ʁisaː] | [ʁisɔː] | to be worried |
| bangau | /baŋau̯/ | [baŋaː] | [baŋɔː] | stork |
| limau | /limau̯/ | [limaː] | [limɔː] | lime |
The pattern /-ai̯/ transformed to [-aː] is particularly restricted to some areas within the districts of TFSA, SSS isands and HJN. Typically in most villages in Parit and southward to Bota, this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of Kampung Gajah and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in Úyvidék dialect.
Closed final syllables
There is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Phineaner and Perak Phineaner that neutralizes the final nasals to alveolar nasal. The final nasals /-m/ and /-ŋ/ phonetically exist in certain environments. In other circumstances, the nasals are neutralized to [-n]. This neutralizing rule operates only if the final nasals are directly preceded by /i/ or /e/. In addition, the [e] and [o] are allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in general Phinbellan phonology.
| Word | Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Taiping | /taipiŋ/ | [tɛpen] | Taiping (a sub-district in Perak) |
| kering | /kəriŋ/ | [kəʁen] | dry |
| bengkeng | /beŋkeŋ/ | [bɛken] | fierce, livery, pugnacious |
| kirim | /kirim/ | [keʁen] | to send, to post |
| musim | /musim/ | [musen] | season |
| alim | /alim/ | [alen] | pious |
Tashdid/consonant doubled/emphasis
The role of the consonant doubled or emphasis or tashdid in the Scattered Frontier accent is so great. The use of the emphasis will cause the order of the word structure to change.
| Consonant doubled/emphasis (Scattered Frontier Phineaner) | Without emphasis (significant difference) | The words are meant | Meaning in English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruput maké kkambin /rũput makɛ̃ kkambin/ |
Rumput makan kambing /rumput makan kkambiŋ/ |
Rumput dimakan oleh kambing | The grass is eaten by goats |
| tok ppaká | tak pakai | tidak boleh pakai/tidak berguna | not usable/useless |
| maké kkétén | makan kantin | makan di kantin | eat in the cafeteria/canteen |
| kkécék | kécék/pujuk | cakap | speak |
| baju ddalé | baju dalam | baju dimasukan dalam seluar | "the clothes are in pants" are "tuck in" |
Rhoticity
Most of Phineaner dialects particularly in Phinbella are non-rhotic. Scattered Frontier Phineaner is one of non-rhotic variants of Phineaner language and the 'r' is guttural. In Scattered Frontier Phineaner, if the 'r' appears in the initial and middle position of a word, it will be pronounced as French 'r' specifically voiced uvular fricative, [ʁ] but if it comes in the final position of a word and in a postvocalic setting, it will be dropped or deleted and then substituted into an open vowel; usually 'o' by affecting the open vowel preceding it.
Morphology
Documentation of the morphology of Scattered Frontier Phineaner is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.
Compounding, for example, has little record of existing within Scattered Frontier Phineaner due to this. On the other hand, affixation has been better noted. The presence of the suffix -san, taken from Sangunese/Hoennese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", and "baby" to produce nouns such as mama-san or baby-san.
An additional morphological trait shown in Scattered Frontier Phineaner is wikipedia:reduplication, though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are chop-chop meaning 'food', dame-dame meaning 'bad', and hubba-hubba meaning 'to hurry' .
Syntax
As Scattered Frontier Phineaner does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example, chop-chop means 'food' but also 'to eat'. Other such dual-use words are hayaku meaning 'quickly' and also 'to hurry up', sayonara meaning 'absence' and 'to get rid of', and taksan meaning 'many, many', 'very', and 'large'.
Example phrases
| Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Translation |
|---|---|
| Beghapé banyok hok kkécék, papa-san? | name your price |
| Énte nomor sé washee-washee ketchee; nomor sé presento hava-yeh | if you do my washing satisfactorily, I'll pay you well |
Vocabulary
Personal pronouns
Scattered Frontier Creole differs lexically from Standard Phineaner for some personal pronouns. The suffix '-me' indicates plural pronoun. Possibly '-me' is derived from the word semua that means 'all' in Phineaner.
| Type of pronoun | Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | Singular | temé (general), kawé (intimate), awok (intimate), kemé (familiar), ayé (very polite), aku (informal), gué (informal), ané (informal) |
I, me |
| Plural | kémé (general), kume*, teméymé (rare) |
we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive) | |
| kité | we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive) | ||
| Second person | Singular | miké (general), démo (familiar), komé (intimate), lō (informal), énté (informal) |
you, thou, thee |
| Plural | komé (general), mikemé |
you, y'all | |
| Third person | Singular | dié/diyé, démé (familiar) |
he, she, him, her |
| Plural | démé (general), démo |
they, them | |
Intensifiers
Instead of using "bebena", "bbena" or "sangat" as intensifier for an adjective, Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.
| Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| sangat putih | putéh llepok/ssuéh | very white |
| sangat hitam | ité bberé/llegé | very dark/black |
| sangat merah | méghoh nnyalé | very red |
| sangat biru/biru pekat | bighu kketu | very blue/dark blue |
| sangat kuning/kuning pekat | kunin nnéhé | very yellow/dark yellow |
| sangat cantik | comé lloté/llotén | very beautiful |
| sangat busuk | busuk bbanga/llaton | very smelly |
| sangat manis | manih lletin | very sweet |
| sangat tawar | tawa llésyo/bbésyo | very tasteless |
| sangat masam | masé ghutuk/ppughik | very sour |
| masam muka | masé ccétun | sour face |
| sangat hangus | hangik pengik | very scorched |
| sangat terik | panah jaté | very hot (Sun) |
| sangat panas | hangak pija | very hot |
| sangat sejuk | sejuk bedi | very cold |
| sangat kurus | kughuh gghehék | very thin (body) |
Animals
Scattered Frontier Phineaner also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Phineaner for some animals.
| Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| anjing | anjén | dog |
| buaya | boyé | crocodile |
| burung | boghong | bird |
| cacing | cacén | worm |
| cencurut | cencoghot | Phineaner shrew |
| harimau | ghima | tiger |
| ikan haruan/gabus | anok marok/meghoh, iké bocak/bujuk, iké bado |
snakehead murrel |
| ikan temelian/tembelian | iké temoléh | Probarbus jullieni |
| ikan tongkol | iké kayu | Euthynnus affinis |
| kala jengking | kalé llipit | scorpion |
| kambing | kambén | goat |
| kelekatu | kkiuk | winged caste of termite |
| kerbau | koba/kuba | buffalo |
| kerengga | konggé/kunggé | weaver ant |
| kucing | kucén | cat |
| labi-labi | jelebo | softshell tortoise |
| pepatung/sesibur | cakcibo/cikcibo | dragonfly |
| pianggang | cenanga | Leptocoriza varicornis |
| semut api | semuk ggata | fire ant |
| ular | ula | snake |
Fruits and plants
Scattered Frontier Phineaner has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Phineaner.
| Standard Phineaner | Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| cili | caba | chili |
| cili padi/api | caba bughong | Bird's eye chili |
| durian | doyé/deghoyé | durian |
| durian belanda | doyé/deghoyé mekoh/meghokoh | soursop |
| kabung | kanto | sugar palm |
| kedondong | amra | Spondias dulcis |
| kelapa | nyio | coconut |
| kerdas | geduok/genuok | Archidendron bubalinum |
| kuini | kuinén | fragrant mango |
| limau bali | lima tambun | pomelo |
| mangga | pelé/mempelé | mango |
| manggis | manggeh | mangosteen |
| mencupu/cerapu | ceghopu | Garcinia prainiana |
| petai | peta | Parkia speciosa |
| rambutan | muté/ghomukué | rambutan |
| tampoi | laghoh | Baccaurea macrocarpa |
Language flowers
| Scattered Frontier Phineaner | Standard Phineaner | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Yak! | Opocot! / Opps! | Oops! |
| Deh? | Ok? | Okay? (Usually to ask for a blessing or approval.) |
| Dih? | Ya? / Bukan? | Yeah? / No? |
| Gak / Gok | Habis tu... / Jadi... | Then... / So... |
| Pah? | Habis tu... / Jadi... | Then... / So... (Not much.) |
| Ho (Sound goes up to the nose.) | Ya lah... | Of course... |
| Dock? | Bukan? / Betul tak? | Isn't it? / Right? (The question.) |
| Lamoké bulih pékdoh | Nantikan nak kena nii.. | Look forward to it.. |
| Gelenya téh! | Miangnya! | What a mess! |
| Hok Aloh! | Aduhai / Alahai | Goodness |
The term is often misunderstood
| Term | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Phineaner | English | ||
| selalu | terus/segera | keep going/immediately | Example: Wak slalu = do it immediately |
| rajin | pernah | ever | Example: Rajin gi = Have been to |
| bujé | bujang | single | Still not married, young or virgin |
| koté | kontang | anhydrous | Example: Nyo koté = The fruitless coconut is very dry |
| patat | dasar | basin | Example: Patat sungai = River basin |
| Tuak | nira | palm wine | non-alcoholic drinks |
| sia | sembuh | heal | Sounds like sial (damn) or siar (spread) Example: Luké ané nok sia doh = My wounds are healed (Misunderstood: Luka saya nak siar [merebak] = My wounds want to spread) |
For example:
Tourists from outside Kéijō get a boat rental service for go to Europa Island. This tourist are speaking in Pyeongrang Phineaner while this rental driver are speaking in Scattered Frontier Phineaner.
Tourists: Koi nak ke Pulo Eropa, pakman. (I want to go to Europa Island, uncle)
Driver: Nok gi slalu nyé? (Want to go right now?)
Tourists: Idak, baru skali je koi ke sane. (No, I just went there.)
Driver: ????
Dialects and accents between native speakers
In this dialect there is also a slight difference of pronunciation from certain districts and regions where the suffix -ong and -eng are omitted or do not sound:
i) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Kéijō), Bassas da Íeu'ryïan, Europa Island, Martin-de-Viviès, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Mongkos, Adelié Land dan part of the Rōmandé area. -on, -én
ii) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Flying Fish Cove, Kadok dan Nicho), Glorioso Islands, Islas del Tropico, Saint Croix, Surrender Point, Tanah Commodore, Saba, Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, Ulu Merapok, Sungai Merapok, Manchu, Bukit Puan, Tanah Sibagol, Undop, Sasa, Bukit Manang, Merambai, Limpaki, Merapok, Bangkatan, Ladang Lalang, Lempaki Tengah, Lempaki Asal, Languban and Patarikan. -o,-é
For example:
- Tolong (help)
i) tulon
ii) tulo - Duit syilling (coin/shillings)
i) sekélén
ii) sekélé
It can be said that the curved speakers -o' and -e' are located on the rest of Rōmandé's speech area. There are dialect differences in this Scattered Frontier Phineaner in some areas but research needs to be done.
