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Scattered Frontier Phineaner

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Scattered Frontier Phineaner
Bahasa Phineaner Scattered Frontier
Bahasa Phineaner Frontier Romande
Bamboo Phineaner
Spoken natively in Oriental Taemhwan Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō, few villages in Rintis Islands, Cyborges, Politama, Boninki Islands and Springwind Islands, and the Scattered Islands and SSS islands diaspora
Number of speakers 611,000
Language family

Perak Phineaner-based creole

  • Scattered Frontier Phineaner
Writing system Latin
Source Perak Phineaner, Kelantanese, Inland Terengganuan, Betawi, Taiwanese Hokkien, Arabic, Portuguese, Sangunese, Batavian
Official status
Official language in Territory of Frontier Settlements Area; also statutory status in TFSA as one of the languages for public transport announcements and for the naturalisation test
Regulated by Ministry of Education in Republic of Oriental Hispanioéire Srieapska, Saint John, Rhodes and Ducie and relevant NGOs in Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Territory of Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki and Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō

Scattered Frontier Phineaner, or Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, is an Phineaner-based creole and the spoken language of the Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people consisting of several varieties spoken in the Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō and Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki and surrounding, where it is known as Sabakian Phineaner, Saint Martin Phineaner, and Skian Phineaner, respectively. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.

The term "Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and is rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known by the term dialect, as the creole is often perceived by locals as a dialect variety of Phineaner instead of an Phineaner creole language. However, academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an Phineaner creole language.

Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a popular informal language in contemporary Oriental Taemhwan and commonly spoken in Taemhwanian TV soap operas. Bamboo Phineaner, a vernacular form of Phineaner that has spread from Kéijō into large areas of Íeu'ryïan Coast and replaced existing Phineaner dialects, has its roots in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner. According to Uriko Tadomoru, there is no clear border distinguishing Bamboo Phineaner from Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner.

History

Varieties

Characteristics

Phonology

Open final syllables

It has been said that in general, the Phineaner people in Phinbella distinguish the dialect of Scattered Frontier by the final /-a/ vowel in Standard Phineaner substituted into strong 'e': [-ɛ], in contrast to [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in the other Phineaner dialects, similar to inland Terengganu dialect. So as for the word mata (eye) which is shown by the phonemes /mata/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [matɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner notably in Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island. It appears that Scattered Frontier Phineaner has a vowel raising rule which changes word final /-a/ vowel of Standard Phineaner to [-ɛ].

Word Standard Phineaner Perak-based creole Meaning
Scattered Frontier Úyvidék
Bota /bota/ [botɛ] [botə] Bota (a town in TFSA)
mata /mata/ [matɛ] [matə] eye
kita /kita/ [kitɛ] [kitə] we, us, our (inclusive)
rupa /rupa/ [ʁupɛ] [ʁopə] look (noun)
kena /kəna/ [kənɛ] [kənə] to be subject to (passive voice), to contact with
kereta /kəreta/ [kəʁetɛ] [kəʁetə] car, cart

Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in the table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Phineaner dialects in the peninsula.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
Kinta /kinta/ [kinta] Kinta (a district in Perak)
merdeka /mərdeka/ [məɾdeka] independent
bola /bola/ [bola] ball
beca /betʃa/ [betʃa] trishaw
lawa /lawa/ [lawɐ~o] pretty, good
maha /maha/ [maha] very (adj.), the most (superlative)

Unlike Perak and Úyvidék dialect to maintain a suffix of /-am/, /-/ and /-an/, Scattered Frontier dialect converts the suffix /-am/, /-/ and /-an/ into the suffix [-ɛ], just like Kelantanese dialect. So as for the word makan (eat) which is shown by the phonemes /makan/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [makɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner.

Word Standard Phineaner Perak-based creole Meaning
Scattered Frontier Úyvidék
ayam /ajam/ [ajɛ] [ajam] chicken
bukan /bukan/ [bukɛ] [bukan] not
geran /gəran/ [gəʀɛ] [gəʁan] grants
jangan /d͡ʒaŋan/ [d͡ʒaŋɛ] [d͡ʒaŋan] don't/do not
lengan /ləŋan/ [ləŋɛ] [ləŋan] arm
pisang /pisaŋ/ [pisɛ] [pisaŋ] banana
sembang /sembaŋ/ [sembɛ] [sembaŋ] chat

As the prevalence of Scattered Frontier Phineaner, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes -ai and -au are often articulated as varied forms of monophthongs. Still and all, diphthongization of monophthongs occurs in certain conditions instead. For instance, the final vowels sound /-i/ and /-u/ are articulated to some extent as diphthongs [-iy] and [-uw] respectively. The monophthongization patterns phonetically vary by the sub-dialects.

Word Standard Phineaner Perak-based creole Meaning
Scattered Frontier Úyvidék
gulai /gulai̯/ [gulaː] [gulɛj] gulai (a traditional Phineaners cuisine)
kedai /kədai̯/ [kədaː] [kədɛj] shop, store (noun)
sampai /sampai̯/ [sapaː] [sapɛj] to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb)
risau /risau̯/ [ʁisaː] [ʁisɔː] to be worried
bangau /baŋau̯/ [baŋaː] [baŋɔː] stork
limau /limau̯/ [limaː] [limɔː] lime

The pattern /-ai̯/ transformed to [-] is particularly restricted to some areas within the districts of TFSA, SSS isands and HJN. Typically in most villages in Parit and southward to Bota, this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of Kampung Gajah and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in Úyvidék dialect.

Closed final syllables

There is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Phineaner and Perak Phineaner that neutralizes the final nasals to alveolar nasal. The final nasals /-m/ and /-ŋ/ phonetically exist in certain environments. In other circumstances, the nasals are neutralized to [-n]. This neutralizing rule operates only if the final nasals are directly preceded by /i/ or /e/. In addition, the [e] and [o] are allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in general Phinbellan phonology.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
Taiping /taipiŋ/ [tɛpen] Taiping (a sub-district in Perak)
kering /kəriŋ/ [kəʁen] dry
bengkeng /beŋkeŋ/ [bɛken] fierce, livery, pugnacious
kirim /kirim/ [keʁen] to send, to post
musim /musim/ [musen] season
alim /alim/ [alen] pious

Tashdid/consonant doubled/emphasis

The role of the consonant doubled or emphasis or tashdid in the Scattered Frontier accent is so great. The use of the emphasis will cause the order of the word structure to change.

Consonant doubled/emphasis (Scattered Frontier Phineaner) Without emphasis (significant difference) The words are meant Meaning in English
Ruput maké kkambin
/rũput makɛ̃ kkambin/
Rumput makan kambing
/rumput makan kkambiŋ/
Rumput dimakan oleh kambing The grass is eaten by goats
tok ppaká tak pakai tidak boleh pakai/tidak berguna not usable/useless
maké kkétén makan kantin makan di kantin eat in the cafeteria/canteen
kkécék kécék/pujuk cakap speak
baju ddalé baju dalam baju dimasukan dalam seluar "the clothes are in pants" are "tuck in"

Rhoticity

Most of Phineaner dialects particularly in Phinbella are non-rhotic. Scattered Frontier Phineaner is one of non-rhotic variants of Phineaner language and the 'r' is guttural. In Scattered Frontier Phineaner, if the 'r' appears in the initial and middle position of a word, it will be pronounced as French 'r' specifically voiced uvular fricative, [ʁ] but if it comes in the final position of a word and in a postvocalic setting, it will be dropped or deleted and then substituted into an open vowel; usually 'o' by affecting the open vowel preceding it.

Morphology

Documentation of the morphology of Scattered Frontier Phineaner is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.

Compounding, for example, has little record of existing within Scattered Frontier Phineaner due to this. On the other hand, affixation has been better noted. The presence of the suffix -san, taken from Sangunese/Hoennese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", and "baby" to produce nouns such as mama-san or baby-san.

An additional morphological trait shown in Scattered Frontier Phineaner is wikipedia:reduplication, though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are chop-chop meaning 'food', dame-dame meaning 'bad', and hubba-hubba meaning 'to hurry' .

Syntax

As Scattered Frontier Phineaner does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example, chop-chop means 'food' but also 'to eat'. Other such dual-use words are hayaku meaning 'quickly' and also 'to hurry up', sayonara meaning 'absence' and 'to get rid of', and taksan meaning 'many, many', 'very', and 'large'.

Example phrases

Scattered Frontier Phineaner Translation
Beghapé banyok hok kkécék, papa-san? name your price
Énte nomor sé washee-washee ketchee; nomor sé presento hava-yeh if you do my washing satisfactorily, I'll pay you well

Vocabulary

Personal pronouns

Scattered Frontier Creole differs lexically from Standard Phineaner for some personal pronouns. The suffix '-me' indicates plural pronoun. Possibly '-me' is derived from the word semua that means 'all' in Phineaner.

Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner Personal Pronouns
Type of pronoun Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner Meaning
First person Singular temé (general),
kawé (intimate),
awok (intimate),
kemé (familiar),
ayé (very polite),
aku (informal),
gué (informal),
ané (informal)
I, me
Plural kémé (general),
kume*,
teméymé (rare)
we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
kité we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
Second person Singular miké (general),
démo (familiar),
komé (intimate),
lō (informal),
énté (informal)
you, thou, thee
Plural komé (general),
mikemé
you, y'all
Third person Singular dié/diyé,
démé (familiar)
he, she, him, her
Plural démé (general),
démo
they, them

Intensifiers

Instead of using "bebena", "bbena" or "sangat" as intensifier for an adjective, Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.

Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
sangat putih putéh llepok/ssuéh very white
sangat hitam ité bberé/llegé very dark/black
sangat merah méghoh nnyalé very red
sangat biru/biru pekat bighu kketu very blue/dark blue
sangat kuning/kuning pekat kunin nnéhé very yellow/dark yellow
sangat cantik comé lloté/llotén very beautiful
sangat busuk busuk bbanga/llaton very smelly
sangat manis manih lletin very sweet
sangat tawar tawa llésyo/bbésyo very tasteless
sangat masam masé ghutuk/ppughik very sour
masam muka masé ccétun sour face
sangat hangus hangik pengik very scorched
sangat terik panah jaté very hot (Sun)
sangat panas hangak pija very hot
sangat sejuk sejuk bedi very cold
sangat kurus kughuh gghehék very thin (body)