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{{Phinbellan article}} {{Plagiarism|s=[[wikipedia:Virgin Islands Creole|Wikipedia - Virgin Islands Creole]]}} {{Phinbellan article}}{{Language
{{Phinbellan article}} {{Plagiarism|s=[[wikipedia:Virgin Islands Creole|Wikipedia - Virgin Islands Creole]]}} {{Phinbellan article}}{{Language
| Name= Scattered Frontier Phineaner
| Name= Scattered Frontier Phineaner
|NativeName    = Bahasa Phineaner Scattered Frontier<br>{{nobold|Bahasa Phineaner Frontier Romande}}<br>{{nobold|Netherlands Antilles Creole Phineaner}}<br>{{nobold|Japanese Bamboo Phineaner}}
|NativeName    = Bahasa Phineaner Scattered Frontier<br>{{nobold|Bahasa Phineaner Frontier Romande}}<br>{{nobold|Netherlands Antilles Creole Phineaner}}<br>{{nobold|Bamboo Phineaner}}
| Pronunciation=  
| Pronunciation=  
| NationSpoken= {{Team flag|Oriental Taemhwan|flag}} [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]], few villages in [[Rintis Islands]], [[Cyborges]], [[Politama]], [[Boninki Islands]] and [[Springwind Islands]], and the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|SSS islands]] [[wikipedia:diaspora|diaspora]]
| NationSpoken= {{Team flag|Oriental Taemhwan|flag}} [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]], few villages in [[Rintis Islands]], [[Cyborges]], [[Politama]], [[Boninki Islands]] and [[Springwind Islands]], and the [[Scattered Islands]] and [[Territory of Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki|SSS islands]] [[wikipedia:diaspora|diaspora]]
| Speakers= 611,000
| Speakers= 611,000
|LangFamily    = [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Phineaner]]-[[wikipedia:Malay trade and creole languages|based creole]]
|LangFamily    = [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Phineaner]]-[[wikipedia:Malay trade and creole languages|based creole]]
Line 12: Line 12:
| LangRegulator= [[Ministry of Education in Republic of Oriental Hispanioéire Srieapska, Saint John, Rhodes and Ducie]] and relevant NGOs in [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]] and [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]]
| LangRegulator= [[Ministry of Education in Republic of Oriental Hispanioéire Srieapska, Saint John, Rhodes and Ducie]] and relevant NGOs in [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]] and [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]]
}}
}}
'''Scattered Frontier Phineaner''', or '''Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner''', is an [[wikipedia:Malay trade and creole languages|Phineaner-based]] [[wikipedia:creole|creole]] and the spoken language of the [[Scattered Islands Frontier Creole|Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people]] consisting of several varieties spoken in the [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]] and surrounding, where it is known as '''Saban Phineaner''', '''Saint Martin Phineaner''', and '''Statian Phineaner''', respectively. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.
'''Scattered Frontier Phineaner''', or '''Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner''', is an [[wikipedia:Malay trade and creole languages|Phineaner-based]] [[wikipedia:creole|creole]] and the spoken language of the [[Scattered Islands Frontier Creole|Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people]] consisting of several varieties spoken in the [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]] and [[Territory of Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki|Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki]] and surrounding, where it is known as '''Sabakian Phineaner''', '''Saint Martin Phineaner''', and '''Skian Phineaner''', respectively. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.


The term "Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and is rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known by the term dialect, as the creole is often perceived by locals as a dialect variety of Phineaner instead of an Phineaner creole language. However, academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an Phineaner creole language.
The term "Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and is rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known by the term dialect, as the creole is often perceived by locals as a dialect variety of Phineaner instead of an Phineaner creole language. However, academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an Phineaner creole language.
 
<!--
Because there are several varieties of Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, it is also colloquially known by the specific island on which it is spoken: ''Crucian dialect'', ''Thomian dialect'', ''Tortolian dialect'', ''Saint Martin dialect'', ''Saba dialect'', ''Statia dialect''.
Because there are several varieties of Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, it is also colloquially known by the specific island on which it is spoken: ''Crucian dialect'', ''Thomian dialect'', ''Tortolian dialect'', ''Saint Martin dialect'', ''Saba dialect'', ''Statia dialect''.


Scattered Frontier Phineaner is a creole language and it is closely related to Phineaner. Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner has large amounts of [[wikipedia:Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese Hokkien]], [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]], [[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sangunese language|Sangunese]], [[wikipedia:Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Phineaner]], [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Phineaner]], [[wikipedia:ms:Bahasa Melayu Terengganu#Dialek Hulu Terengganu|Inland Terengganuan Phineaner]] and [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]] loanwords. It replaced the earlier Portuguese creole of [[Kéijō]], [[Marudaikō]]. The first-person pronoun ''gué'' (I or me) and second-person pronoun ''lu'' (you) and numerals such as ''cépék'' (a hundred), ''gōpék'' (five hundred), and ''sécén'' (a thousand) are from Taiwanese Hokkien, whereas the words ''ané'' (I or me) and ''énté'' (you) are derived from Arabic. Furthermore, the words ''temé'' (I or me) and ''miké'' (you) are derived from Perak Phineaner, as well ''kawé'' (I or me) and ''démo'' (you) are derived from Kelantanese Phineaner.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner is a creole language and it is closely related to Phineaner. Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner has large amounts of [[wikipedia:Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese Hokkien]], [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]], [[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sangunese language|Sangunese]], [[wikipedia:Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Phineaner]], [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Phineaner]], [[wikipedia:ms:Bahasa Melayu Terengganu#Dialek Hulu Terengganu|Inland Terengganuan Phineaner]] and [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]] loanwords. It replaced the earlier Portuguese creole of [[Kéijō]], [[Marudaikō]]. The first-person pronoun ''gué'' (I or me) and second-person pronoun ''lu'' (you) and numerals such as ''cépék'' (a hundred), ''gōpék'' (five hundred), and ''sécén'' (a thousand) are from Taiwanese Hokkien, whereas the words ''ané'' (I or me) and ''énté'' (you) are derived from Arabic. Furthermore, the words ''temé'' (I or me) and ''miké'' (you) are derived from Perak Phineaner, as well ''kawé'' (I or me) and ''démo'' (you) are derived from Kelantanese Phineaner.
 
-->
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a popular informal language in contemporary [[Oriental Taemhwan]], used as the base of [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Central Perak slang]] and commonly spoken in Taemhwanian TV soap operas. Japanese Bamboo Phineaner, a vernacular form of Phineaner that has spread from Kéijō into large areas of [[Íeu'ryïan Coast]] and replaced existing Phineaner dialects, has its roots in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner. According to Uriko Tadomoru, there is no clear border distinguishing Japanese Bamboo Phineaner from Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner.
Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a popular informal language in contemporary [[Oriental Taemhwan]] and commonly spoken in Taemhwanian TV soap operas. Bamboo Phineaner, a vernacular form of Phineaner that has spread from Kéijō into large areas of [[Íeu'ryïan Coast]] and replaced existing Phineaner dialects, has its roots in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner. According to Uriko Tadomoru, there is no clear border distinguishing Japanese Bamboo Phineaner from Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner.
==History==
==History==
The creole was formed when [[wikipedia:Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]], [[wikipedia:Kelantanese Malay people|Kelantanese]], [[wikipedia:Perakian Malay people|Perakian]], [[wikipedia:Moluccans|Moluccans]], [[wikipedia:Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Isleños in Oriental Taemhwan|Isleños]] and [[wikipedia:Betawi people|Betawi]] immigrants unable to communicate with each other and their Euronesian owners due to being taken from different regions with different languages, created an [[wikipedia:Perak Malay|Perak Phineaner]]-based pidgin with [[wikipedia:Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese Phineaner]], [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]] and [[Sangunese language|Sangunese]]-derived words and grammatical structure. This was creolized as it was passed on to subsequent generations as their native tongue.
[[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]], although Creole settlements, had a European population of mainly [[wikipedia:Irish people|Irish]], [[wikipedia:French people|French]], and [[wikipedia:Dutch people|Batavian]] origin, which led to [[Taemhwaners]] first creating a French-based creole, known as ''[[Negerhullands]]'' (now considered a dead language, although there may be a few who recall some of the vocabulary and may have passed it down to the next generation). Negerhullands was in mainstream usage on [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]] up until the 19th century, when the Phinbella occupied the [[Íeu'ryïan Coast]] from {{AN|1650}} to {{AN|1656}} and {{AN|1667}} to {{AN|1674}}. In addition, as Phineaner became preferred as a trade and business language in the busy port of [[Charlotte Amalie]], Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner became established in preference to Negerhullands. Some of the population continued to use Negerhullands well into the AN19th century.
Unlike the continental European population of the other West Indian islands, that of [[Bassas da Íeu'ryïan]] was mostly of [[Hoennese people|Hoennese]], Irish and [[Isleños in Oriental Taemhwan|Isleños]] origin, which led to Kelantanese, [[wikipedia:Ambonese|Ambonese]] and Taiwanese slaves developing an Phineaner-based creole throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. By the 27th century, Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner was spoken on [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]], as Negerhullands was fading away. By the end of the 19th century, English creole completely replaced Negerhullands as the native dialect of [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]].
The creole had also been developing in the present-day [[Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands]]. The immigrants settle this area with the Boers in {{RP|1992}}. Enslaved [[wikipedia:Balinese people|Balinese]] and [[wikipedia:Kelantanese Malay people|Kelantanese]] were brought to work on plantations on the settlements of [[Tortola]], [[Martin-de-Viviès]], [[Raimon]] and [[Hanazakarino Kimitachihe]] where they, like those enslaved on [[Bassas da Íeu'ryïan]] over 40 miles away, developed an Perak Phineaner-based creole.


Like those in the [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], Betawi slaves were brought to the [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]] and [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]]. The prevalence of Euronesians from the [[Niuē i Taman Lawang]] on these islands, as well as the SSS islands' proximity and trade with nearby Phineaner-speaking islands, resulted in an Phineaner creole being spoken in the SSS islands. Due to the heavy importation of workers from [[Saint Martin]] after the 1848 emancipation in the Danish West Indies, as well as a tendency for wealthy planters to own plantations in both the Virgin Islands and SSS islands, the "ancestral" inhabitants (descendants of the [[wikipedia:Euronesians|Euronesians]] and [[Taemhwaners]]) of the SSS islands share common bloodlines and a common culture with those of [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]].
==Varieties==
==Varieties==
Today the creole is native to three [[Oriental Taemhwan|Taemhwanian]] territorial units is [[Territory of Frontier Settlements Area]], [[Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō|Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō]] and [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius]]. Though not called by the same name, the TFSA, Hōkaïdán and SSS varieties are considered by linguists to be the same creole.
There are slight variations from island to island. The speech of [[St. Croix]] (known as ''Crucian'') is the most distinct, sharing many similarities with the [[Úyvidék Phineaner]] of [[Butterworth]] and [[Țravenōraş]]. This is perhaps due to migration from [[St. Croix]] to [[Butterworth]] during the building of the [[Butterworth Port]]. The speech of the SSS islands is slightly closer to that of the [[Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands]] than the speech of the [[Scattered Islands of the Íeu'ryïan Coast]]. The speech of [[Tromelin Atoll]] and [[Europa Island]] shares distinct similarities with both the Crucian and [[Martin-de-Viviès]] variants.
==Language use and perceptions==
Scattered Frontier Phineaner does have the status of an official language as a territorial units-level languages. The language of government, education and the media is [[Istvanistani language]] in the [[Oriental Taemhwan]], the [[Phinbellan language]] in [[Phinbella]], both [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Batavian]] and [[Hoennese language|Hoennese]] on [[Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius|Saba, Sint Eustatius and Saint Martin]], and French on the French settlements of Saint Martin.
Like most Phineaner islands, a [[wikipedia:post-creole speech continuum|post-creole speech continuum]] exists, in which there are two extremes — standard Phineaner (known as the ''[[wikipedia:acrolect|acrolect]]'') and the creole in its most distinct, or ''raw'', form (known as the ''[[wikipedia:basilect|basilect]]'').
Due to the constant contact between standard Phineaner and Scattered Frontier Phineaner in local society, there are many in-between speech varieties as well (known as ''[[wikipedia:mesolect|mesolect]]s''). Most [[Scattered Islands Frontier Creole|Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people]] can easily maneuver this continuum depending on their mood, subject matter, or addressee.
In recent decades, the basilect form of the creole is typically only spoken among older islanders. Although the basilect is no longer in common use among the younger population, it has still been preserved by way of historical plays, folk songs and local literature. The variety spoken by middle-aged and younger Scattered Islanders today is of a mesolectal form that still retains numerous creole features, yet is slightly closer to standard Phineaner than the basilect spoken by older islanders.
Scattered Frontier Phineaner has different forms that vary by the age of the speaker, as many words and expressions are known only by older islanders, while there are also relatively newer words and expressions known only to younger islanders. The creole continues to undergo changes in a ''post-creole'' environment. Its most modern mesolectal form is mainly derived from traditional Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner terms, idioms, proverbs and sentence structure, with influences from [[wikipedia:Betawi language|Betawi]] and [[Hoennese language|Hoennese]] idioms, due to the prevalence of Betawi and Hoennese mainstream pop culture in the [[Íeu'ryïan Coast]] region. The variant of Scattered Frontier Creole spoken on St. Croix, known as ''Crucian'', contains many Spanish-derived words due to St. Croix's large ethnic [[Isleños in Oriental Taemhwan|Isleños]] population. Many Crucians of Isleños descent speak a Spanglish-like [[wikipedia:code switching|code switching]] of [[wikipedia:Isleño Spanish|Isleño Spanish]] and the local Crucian dialect. In addition, due to long-standing historical and family ties between St. Croix and the nearby Saban islands of [[Isla de Vieques|Vieques]] and [[Isla Culebra|Culebra]], many Vieques and Culebra locals of Crucian descent also speak Crucian dialect. As the Phineaner creole is spoken in [[Saint Martin Islands|St. Martin]], and Spanish is the second most dominant language there next to Phineaner and creole, Isleños and other Hispanics also speak Spanglish-like code switching of Isleño and other Spanish dialects and local dialect of the island along w/ Batavian and Hoennese. The same situation happens in [[Saba]] and [[Sint Eustatius|St. Eustatius]], and in [[Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands]], they speak Spanglish-like code switching of Spanish and creole with French.
As in other Phineaner-based creoles, proverbs are prevalent in Scattered Frontier Creole. However, in {{RP|2004}}, a [[wikipedia:linguistic|linguistic]] study group in cooperation with the [[University of Podol]]’s [[Rio Piedras]] campus found that many old proverbs in the Crucian dialect, common among older generations, have faded away and are not generally known among many young Crucians. Many Scattered Islanders who migrate to the mainland [[Phinbella]] often return with Phinbellan-influenced speech patterns (colloquially known as yankin') that influence local speech of their peer groups. These changes, as well as the perception held by many older Scattered Islanders that the dialect is currently undergoing decreolization, have inspired debates on whether the dialect spoken by young Scattered Islanders today is in fact the true Scattered Frontier Creole.
Like most Phineaner-based creoles, the use of Scattered Frontier Creole can vary depending on socioeconomic class. The middle and upper classes tend to speak it informally among friends and at home, but code switch to [[Phinbellan language|Standard Phineaner]] in the professional sphere. The lower socioeconomic classes tend to use the dialect in almost every aspect of daily life.
In the TFSA, there has been an underlying negative pressure on Scattered Islanders or Taemhwaners to eliminate their dialect due to Taemhwanization since the {{RP|1982}}s. Although [[Taemhwanian]] acquired the territories as a [[Taemhwanian Autonomous Region]] in {{RP|1967}}, Hoennese influence did not arrive until the early {{RP|2012}}s. [[Hoennese language|Hoennese]] is associated with social mobility, as it is widely used in business and professional circles. Scattered Frontier Creole, although appreciated for its cultural value and widely used informally, is often seen as an impediment to economic and educational progress.
The majority of TFSA residents speak Scattered Frontier Creole. However, due to immigration from the Euronesian region and [[Phinbella]], some TFSA residents do not speak it. Most non-native longtime residents can understand spoken Scattered Frontier Creole, even if not fluent in speaking themselves. In local vernacular, Scattered Frontier Creole is rarely referred to as a creole, as locally, "creole" (as well as "patois") usually refers to the French-based creoles spoken by [[Alexandria]]n immigrants. Instead, TFSA residents or Scattered Islanders tend to refer to the dialect by their native island (i.e. "Crucian dialect", "Thomian dialect", "Tolian dialect", etc.)
As with other Phineaner-based creoles, Scattered Frontier Creole is generally unwritten. However, local authors often write in the creole in the field of colloquial literature, and young TFSA residents or Scattered Islanders tend to write in it when communicating over the Internet. Because no standard spelling system exists in Scattered Frontier Creole, those who attempt to write it use [[Phinbellan orthography for Phinbellan creoles|Revised orthography]].


The prevailing sentiment is that Scattered Frontier Creole cannot be learned like a standard language, but acquired only through having spent one's formative years in the TFSA. Attempts by TFSA non-native residents to speak the dialect, even out of respect, are often met with disapproval. A notable exception applies to immigrants who cannot speak Phineaner upon arrival. For example, persons from the [[Hazarese Taka'atui]], lacking fluency in Phineaner upon arrival, often learn Scattered Frontier Creole before they are able to master standard Phineaner. In nearby St. Martin, there are persons from [[Alexandria]] who, lacking fluency in Phineaner upon arrival in St. Martin, learn the local variety of Saint Martin Phineaner spoken by the native population.
==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
===Phonology===
===Phonology===

Revision as of 10:15, 6 August 2020

RFDflag.png The content of this article is plagiarised or heavily copied from another source.
The original can be found at Wikipedia - Virgin Islands Creole

Scattered Frontier Phineaner
Bahasa Phineaner Scattered Frontier
Bahasa Phineaner Frontier Romande
Netherlands Antilles Creole Phineaner
Bamboo Phineaner
Spoken natively in Oriental Taemhwan Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō, few villages in Rintis Islands, Cyborges, Politama, Boninki Islands and Springwind Islands, and the Scattered Islands and SSS islands diaspora
Number of speakers 611,000
Language family

Perak Phineaner-based creole

  • Scattered Frontier Phineaner
Writing system Latin
Source Perak Phineaner, Kelantanese, Inland Terengganuan, Betawi, Taiwanese Hokkien, Arabic, Portuguese, Sangunese, Batavian
Official status
Official language in Territory of Frontier Settlements Area; also statutory status in TFSA as one of the languages for public transport announcements and for the naturalisation test
Regulated by Ministry of Education in Republic of Oriental Hispanioéire Srieapska, Saint John, Rhodes and Ducie and relevant NGOs in Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Territory of Saba, Saint Martin and Sint Eustatius and Territory of Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō

Scattered Frontier Phineaner, or Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner, is an Phineaner-based creole and the spoken language of the Scattered Islands Frontier Creole people consisting of several varieties spoken in the Territory of Frontier Settlements Area, Hōkaïdán, Judea and Nán'yō and Sabaki, Saint Martin and Sint Eusaki and surrounding, where it is known as Sabakian Phineaner, Saint Martin Phineaner, and Skian Phineaner, respectively. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.

The term "Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and is rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known by the term dialect, as the creole is often perceived by locals as a dialect variety of Phineaner instead of an Phineaner creole language. However, academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an Phineaner creole language. Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner is a popular informal language in contemporary Oriental Taemhwan and commonly spoken in Taemhwanian TV soap operas. Bamboo Phineaner, a vernacular form of Phineaner that has spread from Kéijō into large areas of Íeu'ryïan Coast and replaced existing Phineaner dialects, has its roots in Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner. According to Uriko Tadomoru, there is no clear border distinguishing Japanese Bamboo Phineaner from Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner.

History

Varieties

Characteristics

Phonology

Open final syllables

It has been said that in general, the Phineaner people in Phinbella distinguish the dialect of Scattered Frontier by the final /-a/ vowel in Standard Phineaner substituted into strong 'e': [-ɛ], in contrast to [-o], [-ɔ], [-ɑ] and [-ə] in the other Phineaner dialects, similar to inland Terengganu dialect. So as for the word mata (eye) which is shown by the phonemes /mata/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [matɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner notably in Tromelin Atoll and Europa Island. It appears that Scattered Frontier Phineaner has a vowel raising rule which changes word final /-a/ vowel of Standard Phineaner to [-ɛ].

Word Standard Phineaner Perak-based creole Meaning
Scattered Frontier Úyvidék
Bota /bota/ [botɛ] [botə] Bota (a town in TFSA)
mata /mata/ [matɛ] [matə] eye
kita /kita/ [kitɛ] [kitə] we, us, our (inclusive)
rupa /rupa/ [ʁupɛ] [ʁopə] look (noun)
kena /kəna/ [kənɛ] [kənə] to be subject to (passive voice), to contact with
kereta /kəreta/ [kəʁetɛ] [kəʁetə] car, cart

Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in the table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Phineaner dialects in the peninsula.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
Kinta /kinta/ [kinta] Kinta (a district in Perak)
merdeka /mərdeka/ [məɾdeka] independent
bola /bola/ [bola] ball
beca /betʃa/ [betʃa] trishaw
lawa /lawa/ [lawɐ~o] pretty, good
maha /maha/ [maha] very (adj.), the most (superlative)

Unlike Perak and Úyvidék dialect to maintain a suffix of /-am/, /-/ and /-an/, Scattered Frontier dialect converts the suffix /-am/, /-/ and /-an/ into the suffix [-ɛ], just like Kelantanese dialect. So as for the word makan (eat) which is shown by the phonemes /makan/ in Standard Phineaner, is pronounced as [makɛ] in Scattered Frontier Phineaner.

Word Standard Phineaner Perak-based creole Meaning
Scattered Frontier Úyvidék
ayam /ajam/ [ajɛ] [ajam] chicken
bukan /bukan/ [bukɛ] [bukan] not
geran /gəran/ [gəʀɛ] [gəʁan] grants
jangan /d͡ʒaŋan/ [d͡ʒaŋɛ] [d͡ʒaŋan] don't/do not
lengan /ləŋan/ [ləŋɛ] [ləŋan] arm
pisang /pisaŋ/ [pisɛ] [pisaŋ] banana
sembang /sembaŋ/ [sembɛ] [sembaŋ] chat

As the prevalence of Scattered Frontier Phineaner, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes -ai and -au are often articulated as varied forms of monophthongs. Still and all, diphthongization of monophthongs occurs in certain conditions instead. For instance, the final vowels sound /-i/ and /-u/ are articulated to some extent as diphthongs [-iy] and [-uw] respectively. The monophthongization patterns phonetically vary by the sub-dialects.

Word Standard Phineaner Perak-based creole Meaning
Scattered Frontier Úyvidék
gulai /gulai̯/ [gulaː] [gulɛj] gulai (a traditional Phineaners cuisine)
kedai /kədai̯/ [kədaː] [kədɛj] shop, store (noun)
sampai /sampai̯/ [sapaː] [sapɛj] to arrive (verb), until (prep. and conj.), as far as (adverb)
risau /risau̯/ [ʁisaː] [ʁisɔː] to be worried
bangau /baŋau̯/ [baŋaː] [baŋɔː] stork
limau /limau̯/ [limaː] [limɔː] lime

The pattern /-ai̯/ transformed to [-] is particularly restricted to some areas within the districts of TFSA, SSS isands and HJN. Typically in most villages in Parit and southward to Bota, this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of Kampung Gajah and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in Úyvidék dialect.

Closed final syllables

There is a phonological rule in Scattered Frontier Phineaner and Perak Phineaner that neutralizes the final nasals to alveolar nasal. The final nasals /-m/ and /-ŋ/ phonetically exist in certain environments. In other circumstances, the nasals are neutralized to [-n]. This neutralizing rule operates only if the final nasals are directly preceded by /i/ or /e/. In addition, the [e] and [o] are allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in general Phinbellan phonology.

Word Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
Taiping /taipiŋ/ [tɛpen] Taiping (a sub-district in Perak)
kering /kəriŋ/ [kəʁen] dry
bengkeng /beŋkeŋ/ [bɛken] fierce, livery, pugnacious
kirim /kirim/ [keʁen] to send, to post
musim /musim/ [musen] season
alim /alim/ [alen] pious

Tashdid/consonant doubled/emphasis

The role of the consonant doubled or emphasis or tashdid in the Scattered Frontier accent is so great. The use of the emphasis will cause the order of the word structure to change.

Consonant doubled/emphasis (Scattered Frontier Phineaner) Without emphasis (significant difference) The words are meant Meaning in English
Ruput maké kkambin
/rũput makɛ̃ kkambin/
Rumput makan kambing
/rumput makan kkambiŋ/
Rumput dimakan oleh kambing The grass is eaten by goats
tok ppaká tak pakai tidak boleh pakai/tidak berguna not usable/useless
maké kkétén makan kantin makan di kantin eat in the cafeteria/canteen
kkécék kécék/pujuk cakap speak
baju ddalé baju dalam baju dimasukan dalam seluar "the clothes are in pants" are "tuck in"

Rhoticity

Most of Phineaner dialects particularly in Phinbella are non-rhotic. Scattered Frontier Phineaner is one of non-rhotic variants of Phineaner language and the 'r' is guttural. In Scattered Frontier Phineaner, if the 'r' appears in the initial and middle position of a word, it will be pronounced as French 'r' specifically voiced uvular fricative, [ʁ] but if it comes in the final position of a word and in a postvocalic setting, it will be dropped or deleted and then substituted into an open vowel; usually 'o' by affecting the open vowel preceding it.

Morphology

Documentation of the morphology of Scattered Frontier Phineaner is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.

Compounding, for example, has little record of existing within Scattered Frontier Phineaner due to this. On the other hand, affixation has been better noted. The presence of the suffix -san, taken from Sangunese/Hoennese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", and "baby" to produce nouns such as mama-san or baby-san.

An additional morphological trait shown in Scattered Frontier Phineaner is wikipedia:reduplication, though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are chop-chop meaning 'food', dame-dame meaning 'bad', and hubba-hubba meaning 'to hurry' .

Syntax

As Scattered Frontier Phineaner does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example, chop-chop means 'food' but also 'to eat'. Other such dual-use words are hayaku meaning 'quickly' and also 'to hurry up', sayonara meaning 'absence' and 'to get rid of', and taksan meaning 'many, many', 'very', and 'large'.

Example phrases

Scattered Frontier Phineaner Translation
Beghapé banyok hok kkécék, papa-san? name your price
Énte nomor sé washee-washee ketchee; nomor sé presento hava-yeh if you do my washing satisfactorily, I'll pay you well

Vocabulary

Personal pronouns

Scattered Frontier Creole differs lexically from Standard Phineaner for some personal pronouns. The suffix '-me' indicates plural pronoun. Possibly '-me' is derived from the word semua that means 'all' in Phineaner.

Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner Personal Pronouns
Type of pronoun Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner Meaning
First person Singular temé (general),
kawé (intimate),
awok (intimate),
kemé (familiar),
ayé (very polite),
aku (informal),
gué (informal),
ané (informal)
I, me
Plural kémé (general),
kume*,
teméymé (rare)
we, us: they and me, s/he and me (exclusive)
kité we, us: you and me, you and us (inclusive)
Second person Singular miké (general),
démo (familiar),
komé (intimate),
lō (informal),
énté (informal)
you, thou, thee
Plural komé (general),
mikemé
you, y'all
Third person Singular dié/diyé,
démé (familiar)
he, she, him, her
Plural démé (general),
démo
they, them

Intensifiers

Instead of using "bebena", "bbena" or "sangat" as intensifier for an adjective, Scattered Frontier Creole Phineaner speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives.

Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
sangat putih putéh llepok/ssuéh very white
sangat hitam ité bberé/llegé very dark/black
sangat merah méghoh nnyalé very red
sangat biru/biru pekat bighu kketu very blue/dark blue
sangat kuning/kuning pekat kunin nnéhé very yellow/dark yellow
sangat cantik comé lloté/llotén very beautiful
sangat busuk busuk bbanga/llaton very smelly
sangat manis manih lletin very sweet
sangat tawar tawa llésyo/bbésyo very tasteless
sangat masam masé ghutuk/ppughik very sour
masam muka masé ccétun sour face
sangat hangus hangik pengik very scorched
sangat terik panah jaté very hot (Sun)
sangat panas hangak pija very hot
sangat sejuk sejuk bedi very cold
sangat kurus kughuh gghehék very thin (body)

Animals

Scattered Frontier Phineaner also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Phineaner for some animals.

Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
anjing anjén dog
buaya boyé crocodile
burung boghong bird
cacing cacén worm
cencurut cencoghot Phineaner shrew
harimau ghima tiger
ikan haruan/gabus anok marok/meghoh,
iké bocak/bujuk,
iké bado
snakehead murrel
ikan temelian/tembelian iké temoléh Probarbus jullieni
ikan tongkol iké kayu Euthynnus affinis
kala jengking kalé llipit scorpion
kambing kambén goat
kelekatu kkiuk winged caste of termite
kerbau koba/kuba buffalo
kerengga konggé/kunggé weaver ant
kucing kucén cat
labi-labi jelebo softshell tortoise
pepatung/sesibur cakcibo/cikcibo dragonfly
pianggang cenanga Leptocoriza varicornis
semut api semuk ggata fire ant
ular ula snake

Fruits and plants

Scattered Frontier Phineaner has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Phineaner.

Standard Phineaner Scattered Frontier Phineaner Meaning
cili caba chili
cili padi/api caba bughong Bird's eye chili
durian doyé/deghoyé durian
durian belanda doyé/deghoyé mekoh/meghokoh soursop
kabung kanto sugar palm
kedondong amra Spondias dulcis
kelapa nyio coconut
kerdas geduok/genuok Archidendron bubalinum
kuini kuinén fragrant mango
limau bali lima tambun pomelo
mangga pelé/mempelé mango
manggis manggeh mangosteen
mencupu/cerapu ceghopu Garcinia prainiana
petai peta Parkia speciosa
rambutan muté/ghomukué rambutan
tampoi laghoh Baccaurea macrocarpa

Language flowers

Scattered Frontier Phineaner Standard Phineaner Meaning
Yak! Opocot! / Opps! Oops!
Deh? Ok? Okay? (Usually to ask for a blessing or approval.)
Dih? Ya? / Bukan? Yeah? / No?
Gak / Gok Habis tu... / Jadi... Then... / So...
Pah? Habis tu... / Jadi... Then... / So... (Not much.)
Ho (Sound goes up to the nose.) Ya lah... Of course...
Dock? Bukan? / Betul tak? Isn't it? / Right? (The question.)
Lamoké bulih pékdoh Nantikan nak kena nii.. Look forward to it..
Gelenya téh! Miangnya! What a mess!
Hok Aloh! Aduhai / Alahai Goodness

The term is often misunderstood

Term Meaning Notes
Standard Phineaner English
selalu terus/segera keep going/immediately Example: Wak slalu = do it immediately
rajin pernah ever Example: Rajin gi = Have been to
bujé bujang single Still not married, young or virgin
koté kontang anhydrous Example: Nyo koté = The fruitless coconut is very dry
patat dasar basin Example: Patat sungai = River basin
Tuak nira palm wine non-alcoholic drinks
sia sembuh heal Sounds like sial (damn) or siar (spread)
Example: Luké ané nok sia doh = My wounds are healed
(Misunderstood: Luka saya nak siar [merebak] = My wounds want to spread)

For example:

Tourists from outside Kéijō get a boat rental service for go to Europa Island. This tourist are speaking in Pyeongrang Phineaner while this rental driver are speaking in Scattered Frontier Phineaner.

Tourists: Koi nak ke Pulo Eropa, pakman. (I want to go to Europa Island, uncle)
Driver: Nok gi slalu nyé? (Want to go right now?)
Tourists: Idak, baru skali je koi ke sane. (No, I just went there.)
Driver: ????

Dialects and accents between native speakers

In this dialect there is also a slight difference of pronunciation from certain districts and regions where the suffix -ong and -eng are omitted or do not sound:

i) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Kéijō), Bassas da Íeu'ryïan, Europa Island, Martin-de-Viviès, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Mongkos, Adelié Land dan part of the Rōmandé area. -on, -én

ii) Some areas in Tromelin Atoll (Flying Fish Cove, Kadok dan Nicho), Glorioso Islands, Islas del Tropico, Saint Croix, Surrender Point, Tanah Commodore, Saba, Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, Ulu Merapok, Sungai Merapok, Manchu, Bukit Puan, Tanah Sibagol, Undop, Sasa, Bukit Manang, Merambai, Limpaki, Merapok, Bangkatan, Ladang Lalang, Lempaki Tengah, Lempaki Asal, Languban and Patarikan. -o,-é

For example:

  1. Tolong (help)
    i) tulon
    ii) tulo
  2. Duit syilling (coin/shillings)
    i) sekélén
    ii) sekélé

It can be said that the curved speakers -o' and -e' are located on the rest of Rōmandé's speech area. There are dialect differences in this Scattered Frontier Phineaner in some areas but research needs to be done.

External links