Crandish language

The Crandish language (Krantisk) is the language of the now dead country of Cranda. These days it is spoken by scattered communities in the Green of northern Apollonia, as well as in pockets in Hurmu (both Lontinien and Lake District) and Lac Glacei.

This article is adapted from Te Nu Krantisk Grammatik by Johanns fonn Klosso.

Phonology and Orthography

Letter/digraph	Apollonia	Hurmu
a	/ɑ/~/ɑː/	/a/~/aː/
ä	/e/~/eː/	/ɛ/~/ɛː/
ai	/ai/
äi	/ei/	/ɛi/
au	/aʊ/
b	/b/
c	/k/
ch	/x/
d	/d/
e	/e/ ~ /eː/
ei	/ei/
f	/f/~/v/	/f/
g	/g/
h	/h/
i	/ɪ/~/iː/
ie	/iː/	/ɪə/
j	/j/
k	/k/
l	/l/
m	/m/
n	/n/
ng	/ŋ/
o	/ʌ/~/ɔ:/	/ɔ/~/o:/
ö	/ø/~/ø:/
oe	/oe/	/ø/~/ø:/
oi	/oi/	/ø/~/ø:/
p	/p/
r	/r/
s	/z/	/s/
sd	/zd/	/st/
sk	/ʃ/	/sk/
ß	/s/
ss	/s/
st	/st/
t	/t/
tsk	/tʃ/	/(t)sk/
u	/ʊ/~/u:/	/ɵ/~/ʉ:/
ü	/y/~/y:/
v	/v/~/f/	/v/
w	/v/	/w/
y	/y/~/y:/
z	/ts/

Grammar

Noun cases (Heeachvurtgräder)

Crandish has four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. This section will outline the endings for each case, and the occasions in which each is used. Plurals are covered after the singular rules. Adjectives affecting the noun are also in these cases, but follow slightly different rules. Nominative: This case is used primarily for the subject of a sentence. It takes no ending. It is also used for predicate nominative, so the sentence Eck bam te mann ("I am the man") is all in nominative. The verbs vesan and virtan both cause a predicate nominative.

Accusative

This case is formed by adding –e to the end of the noun and its adjectives. The definite article singular changes from te to ter. If a noun or one of its adjectives ends with a vowel in the nominative case then the vowel is replaced by –e. It is used for the direct object of the sentence, and certain prepositions govern the accusative case: turch, för, buton, anjee, unter, abbuda, umbi, chvanne (through, for, without, against, around, around, until), meaning that a noun with these prepositions in front of it becomes accusative.

Dative

This case is formed by adding –o to the end of the noun and its adjectives. The definite article singular changes from te to tas. If the noun or one of its adjectives ends in a vowel it is replaced by –o. This case is used for indirect objects, and the following propositions govern the dative case: aut, auter, boi, mitt, afder, ssoid, fonn, fomm, duu, ad (out, outside, by, with, after, since, of, from, to, at). One verb uses the dative case, and require no subject; tynkan ("to seem to") Mer tynkt "It seems to me," (it being understood that the subject is it, subjects can be used though, they always go after this verb).

Genitive

This case is formed by adding –s to the noun and its adjectives, nouns and adjectives that already end in s or z or add –es. An archaic version of the genitive case added –ess after s or z, which is still in use in some areas. The definite article singular becomes tsess. It is used to show possession. Tsess manns auto aakt anjee ties fämnens huze (The man’s car drives into (against) the women’s house). The following propositions govern the genitive case: sdadd, drod, on, of, veggen (instead of, in spite of, during, during, because of).

The following propositions govern either the accusative or dative case: inn, an, upp, öber, unter, hint, onemenn, for, bitvisk (in, on, up, over/above, under, behind, alongside, before, between), depending on how they are used.

Plurals

Nominative Plurals

There are four plural endings in Crandish, -er, -n, -en and –ar. –En is added if the word ends in the vowels long e, i, u, y, ü, o, or ö, and if the word ends with the the suffix –skaff. –Er is used for nouns ending in consonants and diphthongs, and –n for nouns ending in the vowels a and short e. –Ar is used when the word is multi-syllable, and ends in –r, -l, or –n. The word then loses the vowel before the final consonant. Umlauts are added where possible to plural words, with the exception of those that take the –ar ending, in the first syllable, unless the word has a suffix, in which case the umlauts are placed there. The vowels a, o, u, and the diphthong ai are the only vowels that receive diphthongs. In compound nouns the second noun of the compound gets umlauts. Bok-> Böker. Skool-> Sköoler. Skoolbok-> Skoolböker. Bokskool-> Boksköoler. Tai-> Täier. Karlskaff-> Karlskäffen. Guta-> Gütan. Fater-> Fatrar. Dalar-> Dalrar. Beskunigerr-> Beskunigrar

Accusative Plurals

The accusative endings are: -re, -ne, and –ne, -are. Bökre, Täire, Karlskäffne, Gütane, Fatrare, Dalrare, Beskunigrare

Dative Plurals

The dative plurals are: -re, -no, -no -aro. Bökro, Täiro, Karlskäffno, Gütano. ====Genitive Plurals==== The genitive plurals are: -ers, -ns, -ens -ars. Bökers, Täiers, Karlskäffens, Gütans.

Case table

Nominative singular ends with	Accusative (s.)	Dative (s.)	Genitive (s.)	Nominative (pl.)	Accusative (pl.)	Dative (pl.)	Genitive (pl.)
The letter a	-e	-o	-s	-n	-ne	-no	-ns
The letter e (when short)	-e	-o	-s	-n	-ne	-no	-ns
The letter -e (when long), -i, -u, -y, -ü, -o, -ö	-e	-o	-s	-en	-ne	-no	-ens
A diphthong	-e	-o	-s	-er	-re	-ro	-ers
The digraph -ng	-e	-o	- es	-en	-ne	-no	-ens
The suffix skaff	-e	-o	-es	-en	-ne	-no	-ens
The letter -s, diagraph -sk, or letter -z	-e	-o	-ess	-er	-re	-ro	-ers
The letter r, l, or n	-e	-o	-s	-ar	-are	-aro	-ars
Some other consonant	-e	-o	-s	-er	-re	-ro	-ers

Noun–adjective compounds

In most cases the noun and other noun, or noun and adjective are merely joined together. The adjective will always go first, however based on where the nouns are placed can change the meaning. The one exception to the rule is the Crandish noun metv means "middle". For compounds it becomes the basic adjective met, however if the noun it is being compounded with begins with a vowel it becomes mettel. So "the Middle East" is te Metteleesde but the middle of the road is te metvei.

Articles

	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
a, an	ainz	ainze	ainzo	ainzes
some	vaa	vaar	vaas	ves
no (singular)	ne	ner	nas	nes
no (plural)	nie	nier	nias	nies
the (singular)	te	ter	tas	tsess
the (plural=	tie	tier	tias	ties
this	tiis	tiiser	tiisas	tiises
this	tas	taser	tsas	tases
these	tees	teeser	teesas	teeses
that	tad	tader	tadas	tads
that	jein	jeiner	jeinas	jeins
those	tos	toser	tosas	toses

Pronouns

Crandish is a language with “natural gender” meaning that the only things that use the pronouns for he or she are things that actually are masculine or feminine. It has two forms of you, one informal singular, the other formal singular and plural, and informal plural.

	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
I	eck	meck	mer	min
You (singular informal)	tau	teck	tir	tin
He	hes	hesk	hesk	hesn
She	her	herk	herk	hern
One	maan	maane	maano	maans
It	chii	chimm	chir	chiin
Everyone	alk	alke	alko	alks
Anyone	einje	einje	einjo	einjes
Someone	vaa	vaahe	vaaho	vaasess
No-one	nemaan	nemaane	nemaano	nemaans
Nothing	nechtz	nechtze	nechtzo	nechtzes
Who	vaz	van	vam	vas
We	vit	unz	unz	unzer
You (plural, singular formal)	üviz	üvun	üvun	üvin
They	tei	teim	temm	teir

Adjectives and adverbs (Jedallengvürter unt Verbjedallengvürter )

Adjectives in Crandish usually have one of the following endings: -ik, -lick, -az, -isk, -a, i/ii/ie, –e. All adjectives are put into the plural by adding –en. Certain adjectives have special rules governing them. Comparatives are done by adding –ör, superlatives by adding –esde. Adverbs usually end in –ig.

Ends with	Nominative (s.)	Accusative (s)	Dative (s.)	Genitive (s.)	Nominative (pl)	Accusative (pl.)	Dative (pl.)	Genitive (pl.)
Consonant		-e	-o	-es	-en	-ne	-no	-ens
-ik	-ik	-ike	-iko	-iks	-iken	-ikne	-ikno	-ikens
-lick	-lick	-licke	-licko	-licks	-licken	-lickne	-lickno	-lickens
-az	-az	-aze	-azo	-azes	-azen	-azne	-azno	-azens
-e	-e	-e	-o	-es	-en	-ne	-no	-ens
-a	-a	-e	-o	-as	-an	-ane	-ano	-ans
-i	-i	-je	-jo	-ies	-in	-ine	-ino	-ins
-ii	-ii	-je	-jo	-iis	-iin	-iine	-iino	-iins
-ie	-ie	-je	-jo	-ies	- ien	-iene	-ieno	-iens
-isk	-iske	-isko	-iskes	-iskes	-isken	-iskne	-iskno	-iskens
-ör	-ör	-re	-ro	-örs	-örn	-örne	-örno	-örns
-esde	-esde	-esde	-esdo	-esdes	-esden	-esdne	-esdno	-esdens

Verbs

Present Tense

The present tense is formed simply by removing the infinitive stem –an and then replacing it with the correct conjugated ending. For tau and hes/her/chii, if the verb ends in a combination of consonant sounds an -e is placed before the ending.

Eck: -a
Tau: -sd/esd
Hes/her/chii: -t/et
Vit: -an
Üviz: -an
Tei: -an

Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense is done by replacing the infinitive stem with –tip, then placing the conjugation of the present tense.

Eck: -ta
Tau: -tesd
Hes/her/chii: -ta
Vit: -tan
Üviz: -tan
Tei: -tan

Future Tense

The future tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb vellan. No conjugation is done to the verb itself.

Past Participle

This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb haffan, but some irregular verbs will use vesan. The verbs take the prefix ge-, and replace the infinitive –an with –t.

Modal Tenses

These tenses are done by using the modal auxiliaries: kannan (can, to be able to), megan (may, to be able to), mutan (must, to have to), villan (to want to), vultan (would), skerchtan (should, to be supposed to), kanntan (could). They are conjugated except for the 1st and 3rd person singular, which take no ending, and the verb they modify is left in the infinitive, unless they are in the past tense, in which the prefix ge- is added, and the past tense suffix –tan.

Subjunctive Tense

This case is done by adding the prefix i-, and the past tense endings are used. In the present tense the infinitive is used instead. It requires a pare of conjunctions as demonstrated. Gyff eck laubote, tei vesan ruv. (If I leave, they would be sad.).

Imperative Tense

This tense is formed by removing the infinitive stem of the verb. Ves hiner no! (Be here now!) Laubo teim! (Leave them!)

Irregular verbs

The vast majority of Crandish irregular verbs are listed here. If any are not listed they are verbs with suffixes such as a-, fer-, on-, je-, etc added to them, and are otherwise conjugated exactly as the root verb is. Except for the verb vesan, they all follow a basic pattern. There is a change in the second, and third person singular, in the present tense, however the plurals and first person singular remain conjugated as normal.

The verb vesan, "to be":

Present			Past
Person	Singular	Plural	Person	Singular	Plural
eck	bam	vit zint	eck	var	vit vären
tau	bisd	üviz zint	tau	varsd	üviz vären
hes / her / chii	isd	tei zint	hes / her / chii	var	tei vären

Past Participle			Subjunctive
Person	Singular	Plural	Person	Singular	Plural
eck	haffe gebean	vit haffen gebean	eck	gevar	vit gevären
tau	hasd gebean	üviz haffen gebean	tau	gevarsd	üviz gevären
hes / her / chii	hat gebean	tei haffen gebean	hes / her / chii	gevar	tei gevären

Infinitive	Meaning	Present	Simple Past	Auxiliary	Past Participle	Subjunctive
achkomman	to escape	achkaman	achkomman	haffan	achkomman	iachkaman
anspreckan	to declare	—	ansprakan	vesan	ansprokan	iansprokan
araizan	to resurrect	—	aroizan	haffan	arauzan	iroizan
aridan	to send a message	—	arodan	haffam	gearidan	iarodan
arissan	to arise	—	arossan	vesan	gerissan	irossan
asdantan	to stand up	—	asdotan	vesan	asdötan	iasdotan
atsdantan	to stand fixed	—	atsdotan	haffan	atsdötan	iatsdotan
avridan	to write	—	avrodan	haffan	avridan	iavrodan
begaitan	to gain	—	begotan	haffan	begötan	ibegaitan
beginnan	to begin	—	begannan	haffan	begönnan	ibegannan
beseevan	to look	besievt	besauan	haffan	beseevan	ibesauan
bizeddan	to sit near	—	bizaddan	haffan	bizäddan	ibizaddan
edan	to eat	idet	adan	haffan	geedan	iadan
fergaitan	to forget	—	fergotan	haffan	fergötan	ifergotan
ferlusan	to lose	—	ferlaustan	haffan	ferlösan	iferlausan
fersdantan	to withstand	—	fersdotan	haffan	fersdötan	ifersdotan
gaian	to go	geet	vendan	vesan	gegaian	ivendan
gaitan	to receive	—	gotan	haffan	gegötan	igotan
giffan	to give	gefft	gaffan	haffan	gegiffan	igaffan
haffan	to have	hat	hattan	haffan	gehafft	ihattan
jehaffan	to feel	jehat	jehattan	haffan	gejehafft	ijehattan
jeknaavan	to remember	—	jeknuvan	haffan	jeknaavt	ijeknuvan
jeridan	to decide	—	jerodan	haffan	jeridan	ijerodan
jesdantan	to stand alongside	—	jesdotan	haffan	jesdötan	ijesdotan
jespreckan	to negotiate	—	jesprakan	vesan	jesprokan	ijesprokan
jetenkan	to intend	—	jetuchtan	haffan	jetücht	ijetuchtan
knaavan	to know	—	knuvan	haffan	geknaavt	iknuvan
komman	to come	—	kaman	vesan	gekomman	ikaman
lattan	to allow	—	lautan	haffan	geloitan	ilautan
mackan	to make	—	matan	haffan	gemackt	imatan
öberkomman	to overcome	öberkaman	öberkomman	vesan	öberkomman	iöberkaman
ofsdantan	to stay standing	—	ofsdotan	haffan	ofsdötan	iofsdotan
ongaitan	to perceive	—	ongotan	haffan	ongötan	iongotan
ongiffan	to grant	ongefft	ongaffan	haffan	ongiffan	iongaffan
onknaavan	to perceive	—	onknuvan	haffan	onknaavt	ionknuvan
onsdantan	to understand	—	onsdotan	haffan	onsdötan	ionsdotan
onslappan	to fall asleep	onsleppt	onslupptan	vesan	geslöppan	islupptan
raitan	to ride	—	rotan	haffan	gerautan	irotan
raizan	to raise	—	roizan	haffan	gerauzan	iroizan
rapan	to move	rehpt	röggan	vesan	gerepan	iröggan
ridan	to read	—	rodan	haffan	geridan	irodan
rissan	to rise	—	rossan	vesan	gerössan	irossan
sdantan	to stand	—	sdotan	vesan	gesdötan	isdotan
seevan	to see	sievt	sauan	haffan	geseevan	isauan
slappan	to sleep	sleppt	slupptan	vesan	geslöppan	islupptan
spreckan	to speak	—	sprakan	vesan	gesprokan	isprokan
sveman	to swim	—	svaman	vesan	gesvämman	isvaman
tenkan	to think	—	tuchtan	haffan	getücht	ituchtan
trinkan	to drink	—	trukan	haffan	getrükan	itrukan
toan	to do	—	tittan	haffan	getün	itittan
velkomman	to welcome	velkaman	velkomman	haffan	velkomman	ivelkaman
vesan	to be	isd	varan	vesan	gebean	ivaran
viddan	to know a fact	veid	viedan	haffan	gevoidan	iviedan
virtan	to become	vertet	vürtan	vesan	gevertan	ivürtan
zeddan	to sit	—	zaddan	vesan	gezäddan	izaddan

Dative verbs

The following verbs take dative objects.

jelangan (to belong to)
tynkan (to seem to)
jeleefan (to believe)
jefallan (to be pleasing to)
helpan (to help)