Meckelnish language

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Meckelnish
[other names]
[native name]
Pronunciation [insert]
Native to Meckelnburgh

Branniboria

Region Northern Apollonia
  • Tallandor Bay
Ethnicity Meckelners
Native speakers approx. [unknown]
Language family Pancontinental
  • Prætaic–Arminic
    • Crando-Batavian
      • Apollo-Batavian
        • Meckelnish
Early forms Proto-Crando-Batavian
  • Old Low Maas
    • Old Meckelnish
      • Early Modern Meckelnish
Standard form Victoria University Standard
Dialects
Writing system Audente script (Meckelnish alphabet)
Official status
Official language in United Kingdom of Meckelnburgh
Regulated by Royal Academy of Letters
Language codes
MOS-9 codes mk

The Meckelnish language is an official language of the United Kingdom of Meckelnburgh and the constituent states of Meckelnburgh and Branniboria, where it is spoken second to Istvanistani by a majority of the population. Meckelnish is a Crando-Batavian language, with heavy influences of Alexandrian, another national language of Meckelnburgh.

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ (ʒ) ç x h (ɦ)
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɹ
Monophthongs
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
oral nasal oral nasal
Close i y u
Near-close ɪ (ʏ)
Mid e̞ (ɛ̃) (ə) o (ɔ̃)
Open a (ã) ɑ
Diphthongs
Fronting Backing
Close ui̯
Close-mid ei̯ ou̯
Open-mid ɔi̯ ɛu̯
Open ai̯ au̯
Consonants (extended)[A]
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n (ɲ) (ŋ)
Plosive p b t d k g
Aff. sibilant (t͡ʃ) (d͡ʒ) [(t͡ɕ)) [(d͡ʑ)]
nonsibilant (c͡ç) (ɟ͡ʝ)
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ (ʒ) ç [(ʝ)] x [ɣ] (ʁ) h (ɦ)
Appx. central ɹ j
lateral (ɫ) l (ʎ)
labial (ɥ) (ʍ) w
  1. ^ A Sounds marked by (…) are non-phonemic, allophonic or marginal. Sounds marked by […] are
    historical.
H-realization
Voiceless Voiced
sound /h/ sound /h/
/i/, /j/ /ç/ /u/ (/ʁ/)
/ɪ/ /ç̠/ /o/ (/ɦ̹/)
/e/ /ç̞/
/ə/ /h̝̠/
/e̞/ /h̝/
/ɛ/, /a/ /h/ /ɑ/ (/ɦ/)

Syllables

Basic structure: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C). Only one vowel or diphthong per nucleus.

Consonants

Yod insertion

Target vowel Trigger Constraints Syllable Example Notes
/uː/, /yː/ Labials, velars, /h/ (non-approximants) — Onset */huːs/ → /hjuːs/ no palatalization, only used in and limited to Old Meckelnish, not Early Modern or Modern
/y/, /ʏ/ Non-lab. or pal. consonants — Onset */fyɹt/ → /fjyɹt/ —
/y/, /ʏ/, /u/, /o/ Consonant clusters Non-labializing final C, stressed syllables Onset (syllable-initial) */pɑlm.o/ → /pɑlm.jo/ with palatalization, if required
/y/, /ʏ/, /u/ — — Onset (word-initial) */yt.ãn/ → /jyt.ãn/ —
/u/ Pal. non-approximants Stressed syllables Onset */bat.u/ → /bat͡ʃ.ju/ with palatalization, if required
/ç/ — Onset */çum/ → /çjum/ —
any — Bare, stressed syllables Onset */bʏn.ɑ/ → /bʏɲ.jɑ/ —

Articulatory mutations

Palatalization and postalveolarization
Postalveolar Palatal
Nasal n → (ɲ)
Affricative t → (t͡ʃ) d → (d͡ʒ) k → (c͡ç) g → (ɟ͡ʝ)
Fricative s → ʃ z → (ʒ) x → ç h → ç
Approx. lateral l → (ʎ) / lʲ
labial w → (ɥ) / wʲ
Aspiration
Labial Alveolar Velar
Plosive pʰ tʰ kʰ
Labialization
Velar
Plosive kʷ gʷ
Fricative xʷ
Approximant lʷ / (ɫʷ)
Rhotic ɹʷ
Articulatory mutations process[C]
Target sound Trigger Mutation Syllable Example Notes
any vowel /ɹ/ or /l/ + consonant (lab.), or consonant (lab.) + (/ɹ/ or /l/), in clusters Labialization Thoughout *[gɹuɫ] → [gʷɹʷuɫʷ] labialization moves through liquids, general rule
/s/ + plosive (voiceless), in clusters Palatalization blocking Onset /skjup/ → /skjup/ controls over all other palatalization rules
/ç/ Thoughout /çjup/ → /çjup/ —
Consonants (if not palatalized, voiceless plosives, /p/, /t/, /k/) Aspiration Onset (aside verb) *[tau̯n] → [tʰau̯n] —
/i/ /l/ (onset) Palatalization Onset */lik/ → /ʎik/ —
Approximants (triggered in following syllable, /l/ and /w/) Transitional palatalization Coda (trans syllabic) *[ke̞l.in] → [ke̞lʲ.in] /lʲ/ and /wʲ/ used
/i/ (before) Approximants and rhotics (/l/, (/ɫ/), /ɹ/) Labialization Coda *[θilt] → [θilʷt] —
/y/, /ʏ/ Fricatives (post-palatal, /ç/, /h/, (/ɦ/)) Deletion Onset */hyt/ → /yt/ apply vowel sequence resolution
Fricatives and plosives (postalveolar, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/), approximants (/l/ and /w/), nasals (/n/) Palatalization Coda (trans syllabic), onset */lyɹl/ → /ʎyɹl/ —
Fricatives and plosives (velar, /k/, /g/, /x/), rhotics (/ɹ/) Labialization Onset *[kyŋg] → [kʷyŋg] —
/u/ Consonants (labializing, voiced, /g/, /l/, /ɹ/) Labialization Onset *[gʷun] → [gʷun] (/ɫ/) inapplicable in onsent
/u/ (before) Approximants and rhotics (/l/, (/ɫ/), /ɹ/) Coda (trans syllabic), onset *[fjuɹ.la] → [fjuɹʷ.la] —
/j/ Rhotics (/ɹ/) Deletion Onset */ɹjut/ → /jut/ apply vowel sequence resolution
Consonants (palatalizing, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /k/, /g/, /x/, /l/, /w/, /h/) Palatalization Coda (trans syllabic), onset */ðɑd.jo/→ /ðɑd͡ʒ.jo/ —
/ɹ/ Fricatives (post-palatal, /ç/, /x/, /h/, (/ɦ/)), approximants (/l/, /w/), nasals (/n/) Deletion Onset */çɹip/ → /ɹip/ apply vowel sequence resolution
Fricatives and plosives (alveolar, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/) Post-alveolarization Coda (trans syllabic), onset */zɹãn/ → /ʒɹãn/ —
/w/ Approximants and rhotics (/l/, /ɹ/) Deletion Onset */ɹwɪd/ → /wɪd/ before phonemic /w/
Fricatives and plosives (velar, /k/, /g/, /x/) Labialization Onset *[gwis] → [gʷwis] —
  1. ^ C The chart only references sounds that can undergo a mutation, as shown in the above tables, and does not explicitly exclude all non-mutating sounds.

Intervocalic

Intervocalic phonotactics
Rule Outcome Notes
/ç/ resolution */ç/ → /j/ —
Fricative (glottal) deletion */h/ → ∅, *(/ɦ/) → ∅ apply vowel sequence resolution
Fricative (velar) fortition */x/ → /k/ —
Fricative and affricate voicing e.g. */f/ → /v/, */θ/ → /ð/, (/t͡ʃ/) → (/d͡ʒ/) no intervocalic /x/, /ç/, /h/, (/ɦ/), apply vowel sequence resolution, secondary to other intervocalic rules
Germinate simplification e.g. */p.p/ → /p/, /s.s/ → /s/, /n.n/ → /n/ —
/w/ stabilization e.g. /t.ʍ/, /s.ʍ/, */g.ʍ/ → /g.w/, */ð.ʍ/ → /ð.w/ —
/ɫ/ stabilization e.g. /(ɫ).C/ → /l.C/, /(ɫ).V/ → /l.V/ —

Onset clusters

C₁- syllable onsets
Pattern Allowed Notes
Stops /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/ —
Fricatives (pre-palatal) /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/, (/ʒ/), /x/ —
Fricatives (palatal-glottal) e.g. */çu/ → /çju/, *[ho] → [ɦ̹o], see note /çu/ subject to yod insertion, other syllable-onset /ç/, /h/, (/ɦ/) resolved as /h/ via H-allophone series
Nasals /m/ and /n/ —
Approximants /ɹ/, /l/, /w/, /j/ —
/w/ + /i/ or /ɪ/ */w/ → (/ʍ/) devoices, subservient to /w/ rules in other clusters
C₁C₂- and C₁C₂C₃- syllable onsets
Pattern Allowed Notes
Stop + approximant /pl/, /pɹ/, /bl/, /bɹ/, /tɹ/, /dɹ/, /kl/, /kɹ/, /gl/, /gɹ/, /tw/, /dw/, /kw/, /gw/ no /tl/, /dl/, /pw/, /bw/
Fricative + liquid /fl/, /vl/ labials only
/s/ or /ʃ/ + stops (voiceless) /sp/, /st/, /sk/, /ʃt/ no /ʃp/ or /ʃk/
/s/ + nasals /sn/, /sm/ —
/s/ + approximants /sw/, /sl/ no /sj/ or /sɹ/, /sw/ not devoiced
/s/ + stops (voiceless) + liquids /spl/, /spɹ/, /stɹ/, /skɹ/ no /stl/ or /skl/
/ʃ/ + rhotics /ʃɹ/ —

Coda clusters

-C₁ syllable codas
Pattern Allowed Notes
Stops /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/ —
Fricatives /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /x/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/, (/ʒ/) no /ç/, /h/ or (/ɦ/) word-final, applies in all other rules
Nasals /m/ and /n/ /m/ and /n/ nasalize vowel (e.g. */en/ → /ɛ̃n/)
Liquids /ɹ/ and */l/ → (/ɫ/) /l/ velarizes to (/ɫ/)
Approximants */w/ → /u/ /w/ voices to /u/, no /j/
-C₁C₂C₃ syllable codas
Pattern Allowed Notes
Nasal + stop + /s/ or /z/ e.g. /mps/, */nks/ → /(ŋ)ks/, */nds/ → /ndz/, */ngs/ → /(ŋ)gz/ with /m/ and /n/ + stop restrictions, /n/ substitutes, assimilation in */(ŋ)gz/, /s/-/z/ voicing in -C₁C₂ codas
Nasal + stop + /t/ /mpt/, */nkt/ → /ŋkt/ voiceless only, /n/ substitutes
Liquid + stop + /s/ or /z/ e.g. /lps/, */lbs/ → /lbz/, /ɹks/, */ɹds/ → /ɹdz/ with liquids + stop restrictions, /s/-/z/ voicing in -C₁C₂ codas
Liquid + stop + /t/ /lpt/, /ɹpt/, /lkt/, /ɹkt/ voiceless only
Stop + stop (alveolar) + /s/ or /z/ /pts/, /kts/, */bdz/ → /bz/, */gdz/ → /gz/ voiced assimilate, /s/-/z/ voicing in -C₁C₂ codas
Liquid + /f/ or /v/ + /s/ or /z/ /lvz/, /ɹvz/, */lfs/ → /lvz/, */ɹfs/ → /ɹvz/ fricative and /s/ voices, labial only, with liquid + fricative restrictions
Fricative + /f/ or /v/ + /s/ or /z/ /fts/, */vds/ → /vz/ voiced assimilate, /s/-/z/ voicing in -C₁C₂ codas
Liquid + nasal + /s/ or /z/ /lmz/, */lms/ → /lmz/ /s/-/z/ voicing in -C₁C₂ codas
Rhotic + /l/ + /s/ or /z/ /ɹlz/, */ɹls/ → /ɹlz/ /s/-/z/ voicing in -C₁C₂ codas
-C₁C₂ syllable codas
Pattern Allowed Notes
Consonants (voiced) + /s/ or /z/ e.g. */gs/ → /gz/, */ds/ → /dz/, */ls/ → /lz/, */ws/ → /wz/ /s/ voices before voiced consonants, /z/ devoices before voiceless, applies ahead of all other rules, no /js/ or /(ɦ)s/, all others
Consonants (voiceless) + /s/ or /z/ e.g. /ts/, /fs/, /xs/, /ks/, /θs/ no /hs/ or /çs/, all others
Fricative + stop (alveolar) /ft/, /vd/ no /fd/, /vt/
Stop + stop (alveolar) /pt/, /kt/, /bd/, /gd/ no /pd/, /kd/, /bt/, /gt/
/s/ + stops /sp/, /st/, /sk/, */sb/ → /sp/, */sd/ → /st/, */sg/ → /sk/ devoices
Nasal + fricative (coronal) */ns/ → /nz/, */ms/ → /mz/, */nʃ/ → /n(t͡ʃ)/, */n(ʒ)/ → /n(d͡ʒ)/ voices or affricates, no /mʃ/ or /m(ʒ)/
Nasal + fricative (dental) /nθ/ or /nð/ devoices, no /mθ/ or /m
/n/ + stops /nt/, /nd/, */nx/ → /(ŋ)x/, */nk/ → /(ŋ)k/, */ng/ → /(ŋ)g/ /n/ substitutes before /k/, /x/, /g/, no labials
/m/ + stops /mp/ and /mb/ labials only
/l/ + stops /lb/, /lp/, /lt/, /ld/, /lk/ no /lg/
/l/ + fricatives /lf/, /lv/, /lθ/, /lð/, */ls/ → /lz/, /lz/, /lʃ/, /l(ʒ)/, /lx/ /lm/ nasalizes vowel (e.g. */alm/ → /ãlm/), no /ln/, /lç/,
/l/ + nasals /lm/ no /ln/
Rhotic + consonants e.g. /ɹl/, /ɹv/, /ɹm/, /ɹð/, /ɹt/, */ɹs/ → /ɹz/ no /ɹw/, /ɹç/, /ɹj/, all others

Vowels

Vowel phonotactics
Rule Outcome Notes
Stressed syllables Monophthongs (/i/, /ɪ/, /y/, /u/, /e̞/, /o/, /a/, /ɑ/) and diphthongs (/ui̯/, /ei̯/, /ɔi̯/, /ou̯/, /ai̯/, /au̯/) —
Unstressed closed syllables laxing */i/ → /ɪ/, */y/ → (/ʏ/) —
Unstressed reduction to /ə/ e.g. */a/ → (/ə/), */e̞/ → (/ə/), */o/ → (/ə/) occurs within an era, separate from deletion
/ə/ end open syllable deletion e.g. */VC.(ə)/ → /VC/ occurs within an era, separate from reduction
/ə/ medial open syllable deletion e.g. */C(ə).CV/ → /CCV/ if remaining cluster is lawful, occurs within an era, separate from reduction
/ə/ dropping in diphthongs e.g. */(ə)u/ → /u/, */(ə)i/ → /i/, */(ə)o/ → /o/ —
Nasalizing before nasal coda e.g. */on/ → /(ɔ̃)n/, */e̞m/ → /(ɛ̃)m/, */ɑlm/ → /(ã)lm/ triggered by /n/, /m/, /lm/ codas
Vowel (not close front) + /j/ or /i/ /ai̯/, /ei̯/, /ɔi̯/, /ui̯/ diphthongize
Vowel (mid front or back and open back) + /u/ or /w/ /au̯/, /ɛu̯/, /ou̯/ diphthongize
Vowel sequence resolution
V₁ V₂ Notes
/i/ /ɪ/ /y/ /ʏ/ /u/ /e̞/ /o/ /a/ /ɑ/ /ə/
/i/ /i/ /j/ + V /i/ /j/ + V /i/ implicates palatalization
/ɪ/ /i/ /ɪ/ /y/ /ɪ/ /u/ /e̞/ /o/ /a/ /ɑ/ /ɪ/ stable vowel priority
/y/ /y/ /w/ + V /y/ implicates labialization
/ʏ/ /i/ /ɪ/ /y/ /ʏ/ /u/ /e̞/ /o/ /a/ /ɑ/ /ʏ/ stable vowel priority
/u/ /ui̯/ /u/ /ui̯/ /u/ /w/ + V /u/ implicates labialization
/e̞/ /ei̯/ /e̞/ /ɛu̯/ /e̞/ /o/ /a/ /ɑ/ /e̞/ /ɑ/ priority, more sonorant
/o/ /ɔi̯/ /o/ /ou̯/ /o/ /w/ + V /o/ implicates labialization
/a/ /ai̯/ /a/ /au̯/ /a/ /au̯/ /a/ /ɑ/ /a/ /ɑ/ priority, more sonorant
/ɑ/ /ai̯/ /ɑ/ /ɑ/ /ɑ/ /ɑ/ /ɑ/ priority, more sonorant
/ə/ V /ə/ /ə/ too weak, deletion

Orthography

Upper case A B Ƀ C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U Ü W IJ Z Å Þ Ð Æ[B]
Lower case a b ƀ c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u ü w ij z å þ ð æ
Name
IPA
Old name aas berk aƀa che dåg en fai geef hagel ijs jod ka låg man nood oos peerð reed sigil tir ur üe wüün ijg gaisa åå þorn eð æsce
  1. ^ B Archaic letter for spelling of words, mostly proper nouns, retaining /ɛ/.
Consonants
Spelling Notes
b /b/
ƀ /v/
ch /x/
d /d/
dg(h) (/d͡ʒ/) (⟨h⟩ word-final)
f /f/
g /g/
h /h/, (/ɦ/), (/ç/)
hw /ʍ/
j /j/
k /k/
l /l/
lh (/ɫ/)
m /m/
n /n/, (/ŋ/)
p /p/
r /ɹ/
s /s/
sc(h) /ʃ/ (⟨h⟩ word-final)
sg(h) (/ʒ/) (⟨h⟩ word-final)
t /t/
tsc(h) (/t͡ʃ/) (⟨h⟩ word-final)
w /w/
z /z/
þ /θ/
ð /ð/
Vowels and diphthongs
Spelling Notes
a /a/, (/ã/, /ə/) (for /ə/ reduced from /a/)
ǎ /ja/
ai /ai̯/
au /au̯/
e /e̞/, (/ɛ̃/, /ə/) (for /ə/ reduced from /e̞/)
ě /je/
ei /ei̯/
eu /ɛu̯/
i /ɪ/
ǐ /jɪ/
ij /i/
ıǰ /ji/
o /o/, (/ɔ̃/, /ə/) (for /ə/ reduced from /o/)
ǒ /jo/
oi /ɔi̯/
ou /ou̯/
u /u/
ǔ /ju/
ui /ui̯/
ü /y/, (/ʏ/)
ü̬ /jy/, (/jʏ/)
å /ɑ/, (/ã/)
å̬ /jɑ/
Diacritics
Diacritic Examples Notes
◌̊ (ring) ⟨å⟩ non-productive, used for /ɑ/ (/a/ → /ɑ/)
◌̈ (diaeresis) ⟨ü⟩ non-productive, used for /y/ (/u/ → /y/)
◌̌ or ◌̬ (caron) ⟨ě⟩, ⟨ıǰ⟩, ⟨å̬⟩ indication of palatizing consonant before, i.e. /j/, omitted if word-initial letter
Archaic uses
Spelling Notes Timeline
gh /ɣ/, (/ʝ/) Old to Early Modern era
s /s/ (for phoneme) Old era
aa /aː/ Old era
e /e/ (for phoneme) Old to Early Modern era
æ /ɛ/ Early Modern era
ee /eː/ Old era
i /i/ Old era
ij /iː/ (for phoneme) Old era
oi /oi̯/ (for phoneme) Early Modern era
oo /oː/ Old era
uu /uː/ Old era
üü /yː/ Old era
åå /ɑː/ Old era

Development

Phonetic movement

Palatalized allophones
Old E Mod Mod Notes
d (d͡ʑ) (d͡ʒ) Affrication chain
g (g͡ʝ) (ɟ͡ʝ) Affrication chain
h ç ç Contextual
k (k͡ç) (c͡ç) Affrication chain
l (ʎ) (ʎ) Contextual
n (ɲ) (ɲ) Contextual
t (t͡ɕ) (t͡ʃ) Affrication chain
s (ʃ) ʃ Contextual
(z) (ʒ) (ʒ) Contextual
w (ɥ) (ɥ) Contextual
x ç ç Contextual
(ɣ) (ʝ) (ʝ) Contextual
Proto Condition → Old Condition → Early Mod. Condition → Modern Notes
/b/ Stable /b/ Stable /b/ Stable /b/
/d/ Stable /d/ Not intervocalic /d/ Stable /d/
Intervocalic /ð/ Stable /ð/ Intervocalic lenition
/f/ Stable /f/ Not voiced contexts /f/ Stable /f/
Voiced contexts (/v/) Stable /v/ Voicing → phonemicizing
/g/ Not intervocalic and not after long V and not after /ɹ/ /g/ Not palalatizing /g/ Stable /g/ Merger
Palalatizing (/g͡ʝ/) Stabilization (/ɟ͡ʝ/) Palatalization, affrication → fortition
Intervocalic or after long V or after /ɹ/ (/ɣ/) Not palalatizing /ɣ/ Destabliziation /g/ Intervocalic, postvocalic lenition → phonemicizing → merger
Palalatizing (/ʝ/) Destabliziation (/ɟ͡ʝ/) Palatalization → affrication, merger
/h/ Stable /h/ Unspecific sound and not palatalizing /h/ Stable /h/ H-allophonic realization system complex
H-realization before /i/, /ɪ/, /j/ or palatalizing /ç/ Stable /ç/
H-realization before /ɑ/, /o/ (/ɦ/) Stable (/ɦ/)
H-realiziation before /u/ (/ʁ/) Stable (/ʁ/)
/j/ Stable /j/ Stable /j/ Stable /j/
/k/ Not intervocalic and not after long V /k/ Stable /k/ Stable /k/
Intervocalic or after long V /x/ Stable /x/ Intervocalic /k/ Intervocalic, postvocalic lenition → fortition
/x/ Stable Not intervocalic /x/
/l/ Stable /l/ Not word-final /l/ Stable /l/
Word-final (/ɫ/) Stable (/ɫ/) ?
/m/ Stable /m/ Stable /m/ Stable /m/
/n/ Unspecific C /n/ Stable /n/ Stable /n/
Before /k/, /g/, /x/ (/ŋ/) Stable (/ŋ/) Stable (/ŋ/)
/p/ Stable /p/ Stable /p/ Stable /p/
/ɹ/ Stable /ɹ/ Stable /ɹ/ Stable /ɹ/
/s/ Not voiced contexts /s/ Not palalatizing /s/ Stable /s/
Palalatizing (/ʃ/) Stable /ʃ/ Palatalization → phonemicizing
Voiced contexts (/z/) Not palalatizing /z/ Stable /z/ Voicing → phonemicizing
Palalatizing (/ʒ/) Stable (/ʒ/) Palatalization
/t/ Stable /t/ Stable /t/ Stable /t/
/w/ Stable /w/ Stable /w/ Stable /w/
/ð/ Not devoicing contexts /ð/ Stable /ð/ Stable /ð/
Devoicing contexts (/θ/) → /θ/ Stable /θ/ Stable /θ/ Devoicing → phonemicizing
Monophthongs and diphthongs
Old Condition → Early Mod. Condition → Modern Notes
/a/ Stressed and unspecific C /a/ Stable /a/
Unstressed and unspecific C (/ə/) Closed syllable (/ə/) Reduction
Open syllable ∅ Reduction → deletion
Before /n/, /m/, /lm/ (/ã/) Stable (/ã/) Nasalization
Before /j/ /ai̯/ Stable /ai̯/ Glide reanalysis
Before /w/ /au̯/ Stable /au̯/ Glide reanalysis
/aː/ Not before /w/ /ai̯/ Stable /ai̯/ Diphthongization
Before /w/ /au̯/ Stable /au̯/ Glide reanalysis
/e/ Stressed and open syllable and unspecific C /e/ Unspecific C /e̞/ Merger
Before /n/, /m/, /lm/ (/ɛ̃/) Nasalization
Stressed and closed syllable and unspecific C /ɛ/ Unspecific C /e̞/ Merger
Before /n/, /m/, /lm/ (/ɛ̃/) Nasalization
Unstressed and unspecific C (/ə/) Closed syllable (/ə/) Reduction
Open syllable ∅ Reduction → deletion
Before /j/ /ei̯/ Stable /ei̯/ Glide reanalysis
Before /w/ (/ɛu̯/) Stable /ɛu̯/ Glide reanalysis → phonemicizing
/eː/ Not before /w/ /ei̯/ Stable /ei̯/ Diphthongization
Before /w/ (/ɛu̯/) Stable /ɛu̯/ Glide reanalysis → phonemicizing
/i/ Stressed or open syllable /i/ Stable /i/
Unstressed and closed syllable (/ɪ/) Stable /ɪ/ Laxing → phonemicizing
/iː/ Stable /i/ Stable /i/ Shortening
/o/ Stressed and unspecific C /o/ Stable /o/
Unstressed and unspecific C (/ə/) Closed syllable (/ə/) Reduction
Open syllable ∅ Reduction → deletion
Before /n/, /m/, /lm/ (/ɔ̃/) Stable (/ɔ̃/) Nasalization
Before /j/ /oi̯/ → /ɔi̯/ Stable /ɔi̯/ Glide reanalysis → vowel lowering
Before /w/ /ou̯/ Stable /ou̯/ Glide reanalysis
/oː/ Not before /w/ /oi̯/ → /ɔi̯/ Stable /ɔi̯/ Diphthongization → vowel lowering
Before /w/ /ou̯/ Stable /ou̯/ Glide reanalysis
/u/ Not before /j/ /u/ Stable /u/
Before /j/ /ui̯/ Stable /ui̯/ Glide reanalysis
/uː/ Not after /j/ /ui̯/ Stable /ui̯/ Diphthongization
After /j/ /u/ Stable /u/ Blocked pressure
/y/ Stressed or open syllable /y/ Stable /y/
Unstressed and closed syllable (/ʏ/) Stable (/ʏ/) Laxing
/yː/ Stable /y/ Stable /y/ Shortening
/ɑ/ Unspecific C /ɑ/ Stable /ɑ/
Before /n/, /m/, /lm/ (/ã/) Stable (/ã/) Nasalization
Before /j/ /ai̯/ Stable /ai̯/ Glide reanalysis
Before /w/ /au̯/ Stable /au̯/ Glide reanalysis
/ɑː/ Not before /w/ /ai̯/ Stable /ai̯/ Diphthongization
Before /w/ /au̯/ Stable /au̯/ Glide reanalysis

Formal inventories

Old Meckelnish

Consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative f θ ð s (z) x (ɣ) h
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɹ
Vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
short long short long short long
Close i iː y yː u uː
Mid e eː ə o oː
Open a aː ɑ ɑː

Early Modern Meckelnish

Consonants (simplified)
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative f (v) θ ð s (z) (ʃ) (ʒ) ç x ɣ h (ɦ)
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɹ
Palatalization and postalveolarization
Post-alveolar Palatal
Nasal n → (ɲ)
Affricative t → (t͡ɕ) d → (d͡ʑ) k → (k͡ç) g → (g͡ʝ)
Fricative s → (ʃ) (z) → (ʒ) x → ç ɣ → (ʝ) h → ç
Approx. plain l → (ʎ) / lʲ
labial w → (ɥ) / wʲ
Monophthongs
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
oral nasal oral nasal
Close i y u
Near-close (ɪ) (ʏ)
Close-mid e (ə) o
Open-mid ɛ (ɛ̃) (ɔ̃)
Open a (ã) ɑ
Diphthongs
Fronting Backing
Close ui̯
Close-mid ei̯ ou̯
Open-mid oi̯ / ɔi̯ (ɛu̯)
Open ai̯ au̯

Examples

Singular nominative nouns
Old Early Modern Modern Spelling Meaning
"ground"
/boːɹx/ /boi̯ɹx/ /boi̯ɹx/ ⟨boirch⟩ "fortified city"
/'kest.i.el/ /'ket͡ʃ.jeɫ/ /'ket͡ʃ.jeɫ/ ⟨ketscělh⟩ "castle"
"letter"
/landj/ /lanʒ/ /lanʒ/ ⟨landgh⟩ "land"
/'faj.eɹ/ /'fai̯.əɹ/ /'fai̯ɹ/ ⟨fair⟩ "father"
/'ho.es/ /hos/ /hos/ ⟨hos⟩ "house"
/'ke.un.ing/ /'kɛu̯n.ɪŋg/ /'kɛu̯n.ɪŋg/ ⟨keuning⟩ "king"
/oːst/ /oi̯st/ /ɔi̯st/ ⟨oist⟩ "east"
/'fle.isj/ /flei̯ʃ/ /flei̯ʃ/ ⟨fleisch⟩ "meat"
/'sjtɹa.ot/ /ʃtɹau̯t/ /ʃtɹau̯t/ ⟨sctraut⟩ "street"
/'a.of.endj/ /'au̯v.ənʒ/ /'au̯v.ənʒ/ ⟨auƀendgh⟩ "evening"
"sky"
"who"
"what"
"where"
"when"
"why"
"how"
— /ɹei̯s'pjui̯.ble.kə/ /ɹei̯s'pjui̯.blək/ ⟨reispǔiblek⟩ "republic"
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