Sanaman vocabulary

Sanaman vocabulary

Most of the Sanaman vocabulary is Cosimo-Benacian in origin, but the language has also borrowed words, mainly from Praeta, Cisamarrese and Istvanistani. There are also loanwords from Babkhi, Laqi, Machiavellian as well as several other major Micran languages. A standardised version of the Sanaman language, comprising influences from the Ama and Sani dialects, was formed in 1681.

A

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
athelh	['aθɛɬ]	From Old Sani hatiliha ("hot, warm"), possibly a loanword from unknown source.	adj.	1. Hot, the state of being very warm.
athoy	['aθoj]	From Old Sani hatiliha ("hot, warm"), possibly a loanword from unknown source.	noun	1. Fire, a chemical reaction that produces heat and flames.
ako	['ako]	From Old Sani hako ("I"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *hako.	Pronoun	I (first person singular pronoun). 1. The speaker or writer, in the absolutive case the subject or patient of a sentence. 2. The speaker or writer, in the ergative case the agent of a sentence. Can also appear in other cases.
akoma	['akoma]	From Old Sani hako ("I"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *hako.	Pronoun	We (first person plural inclusive pronoun), includes the person the speaker or writer is addressing or referencing. 1. The speaker or writer, in the absolutive case the subject or patient of a sentence. 2. The speaker or writer, in the ergative case the agent of a sentence. Can also appear in other cases.
akori	['akoɾɪ]	From Old Sani hako ("I"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *hako.	Pronoun	We (first person plural exclusive pronoun), excludes the person the speaker or writer is addressing or referencing. 1. The speaker or writer, in the absolutive case the subject or patient of a sentence. 2. The speaker or writer, in the ergative case the agent of a sentence. Can also appear in other cases.
ala	['ala]	From Old Sani hala, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *hala ("eye").	Noun	eye 1. An organ through which animals see. 2. The center of something. 3. A small hole.
alë	['alə]	From ala ("eye"), from Old Sani hala, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *hala.	Verb	watch; to actively perceive with one's eyes. 1. To inspect or examine something closely and critically.
amerha	['amɛr̥a]	From Old Sani omirha, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *homiriha.	Noun	eagle
an	['an]	From Old Sani han, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kana ("hovel, hearth").	Noun	1. House, building for human habitation. 2. Closest family.
ana	['ana]	From Old Sani han, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kana ("hovel, hearth").	Noun	Child. 1. A person who is not an adult. 2. (diminutive) A person's son or daughter.
anati	['anatɪ]	From Old Sani han, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kana ("hovel, hearth") + -ti (personhood marker).	Noun	Son/daughter; the social position of being a parent's offspring. An adult is not ana but will always be the anati of their parents.
apishe	['apɪʃə]	From Cisamarrese apice ("apex").	Noun	Apex; the highest or the greatest part of something, especially forming a point. 2. (figuratively) The moment of greatest success, expansion etc.
aso	['asɔ]	From Old Sani haso, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *yasa ("dog").	Noun	Dog; an animal of the domesticated species Canis familiaris.
ate	['atɛ]	From Old Sani hate, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kati ("west")	Noun	West; cardinal direction.
axarana	['axaɾana]	From Old Sani haka ("follow") and rana ("dark").	Noun	Shadow, shade; the darkness appearing behind an object when illuminated by light.
axi	['axɪ]	From Old Sani haki ("new"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kaki ("young").	adj.	New. 1. Recently made, created or discovered. 2. Current or later, as opposed to former.
axika	['axɪka]	From Old Sani hako ("I") and Old Sani hika ("you").	adj.	The state of mutual care, responsibility and solidarity.
axikakan	['axɪkakan]	From axika ("the state of mutual care, responsibility and solidarity") and -kan, a nominalising suffix.	noun	Solidarity, responsibility.
ayalë	['ajalə]	From Old Sani hakula, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *hakola ("seat, chair").	verb	Sit. 1. To be in a position where the upper body is upright and supported by the buttocks. 2. To move oneself into such a position.

E

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
erin	['eɾɪn]	From Praeta Ærnn ("letter, written message"). See also harunti.	noun	1. Letter. 2. Written note or message.
esas	['esas]	From Old Sani hisa and sa, a derivational suffix ("east"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kisa ("bright").	noun, adj.	East (cardinal direction).
esa	['esa]	From Old Sani hisa, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kisa ("bright").	noun	Atos; the star at the center of the Micras star system.
esatë	['esatə]	From Old Sani isat- ("to stand"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian hisata ("upright, erect").	verb	To stand; support oneself on the feet in an erect position.
estorlla	[e'stɔɾ̥ɬa]	From Storish Stormark and Sanaman -lla ("area beloning to").	noun	1. The country of Stormark.
estorti	[e'stɔɾ̥tɪ]	From Storish Stormark and Sanaman -ti ("person of/from").	noun	1. Person from Stormark, Storish person. 2. Degenerate, a morally reprehensible person.
estorya	[e'stɔɾ̥ja]	From Storish Stormark and the Sanaman adjectiviser suffix -ya.	adj.	1. Storish, to be from the country of Stormark. 2. Morally corrupt, degenerated.
eso	['eso]	From esa ("Atos"), from Old Sani hisa, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kisa ("bright").	noun	1. Day (the 24 hour period from midnight to midnight). Day traditionally starts at sundown.

Ë

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani

F

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
fini	['ɸinɪ]	From Old Sani pini ("seed"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian pini ("small thing").	noun	seed 1. The part of a plant that propagates, or any similar part of a plant even if it is not a true seed. 2. (figurative) the origin of something, an idea, a thought etc.

H

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
halimpan	['halɪmpan]	See halin, and nominalising adjective suffix -pan.	noun	security, safety; the state of being secure, safe. See also halin.
halin	['halɪn]	From Old Sani kaline, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kali ("safety") and clitic na.	adj.	secure, safe 1. Free from attack or danger; protected. 2. Free from the danger of theft; safe.
halurin	['haluɾɪn]	From Praeta Halurn ("sorcerer").	noun	Sorcerer, magician.
hangko	['haŋkɔ]	From Old Sani haniko, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kana ("hovel, hearth") and ko ("breath").	noun	air; the substance constituting the atmosphere of Micras or another planet with an atmosphere.
hano	['hanɔ]	From Old Sani hano, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kano ("ash").	noun	ash, soot; the remains after a fire.
hanta	['hanta]	From Istvanistani hundred.	numeral	hundred; a numerical value equal to 100.
hare	['haɾɛ]	From Old Sani hari, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kari ("land").	noun	land, the dry surface of Micras; the ground. 1. The soil, a field, especially in farming. 2. A person's area of origin.
haretha	[ha'ɾeθa]	From Old Sani hari ("land") and ta ("alone, single"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kari ("land") and ta ("alone").	noun	island, islet; dry land surrounded by water.
harethina	[ha'ɾeθɪna]	See haretha, and ina ("half"), from Old Sani hina, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kina ("split in two").	noun	peninsula; a piece of land projecting into water from a larger land mass.
harh	['har̥]	From Old Sani hariha (the origin of the doubling of the first syllable as an ending is unclear), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kari ("two").	numeral	two; a numerical value equal to 2; the number coming after one.
harh-a-xusha	['har̥ a 'xuʃa]	Literally "two-of-twenty".	numeral	forty; a numerical value equal to 40.
harh-a-xusha-ta-xumi	['har̥ a 'xuʃa ta 'xumɪ]	Literally "two-of-twenty-and-ten".	numeral	fifty; a numerical value equal to 50.
harunti	[ha'ɾuntɪ]	From Old Ama haruniti, from Old Praeta airundi ("letter, written message")	noun	legal proclamation, for example of new legislation coming into effect.
hasi	['hasɪ]	From Old Praeta haisi ("order, direction").	noun	A formal legal order from a competent authority.
haxal	['haxal]	From Old Sani hakala ("chieftain").	noun	lord, ruler; a chief serving under the xonuti.
haxalha	['haxaɬa]	See haxal, and lha ("area belonging to a person or an object").	noun	the domain of a haxal.
hela	['hela]	From Old Ama hila, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kila ("horn, antler").	noun	horn, antler; a hard growth of keratin protruding from the top of the head of certain animals. 1. Any similar growth on another animal. 2. The material that a horn is made of. 3. (colloquial) Penis.
helo	['helo]	From Istvanistani hello.	interj.	(colloquial) hello, hi. Often used by Sanaman speakers in urban areas and, to a lesser extent, in rural areas and smaller towns in familiar or colloquial settings as a greeting.

I

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
ihaw	['ihaw]	From Old Sani hihawa ("donkey, ass"), possibly onomatopoetic.	noun	donkey 1. A domesticated animal, Equus asinus asinus, similar to a horse. 2. (colloquial) A loud obnoxious person. 3. (slang) A loyal, younger friend that follows an older friend around, literally or figuratively.
ika	['ika]	From Old Sani hika, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kika ("you"), the second person singular pronoun.	pronoun	you; the second person singular pronoun.
iko	['ikɔ]	From Old Sani hiko, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kiko ("seven").	numeral	seven; a numerical value equal to 7.
inë	['inə]	From Old Sani hin-, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kin- ("consume, eat, drink").	verb	to drink; to consume a liquid or a beverage.
inshehan	[ɪn'ʃehan]	From Middle Praeta Inszæhan ("Inquisitor").	noun	Inquisitor; government official prosecuting people suspected of committing crimes.
insenya	[ɪn'senja]	From Cisamarrese insegna ("banner, ensign, flag").	noun	ensign 1. A badge of office, rank, or power. 2. A flag or banner carried by military units; a standard or color. 3. (nautical) The principal flag or banner flown by a ship (usually at the stern) to indicate nationality. 4. Any prominent flag or banner.
inseto	[ɪn'setɔ]	From Cisamarrese insetto or Istvanistani insect.	noun	insect; an arthropod (in the Insecta class) characterized by six legs, up to four wings, and a chitinous exoskeleton.
islus	['islus]	From Istvanistani sluice, influenced by Elw islus of the same origin.	noun	sluice; An artificial passage for water, fitted with a valve or gate, for example in a canal lock or a mill stream, for stopping or regulating the flow.
ixar	['ixaɾ]	From Old Sani hikara ("throat, opening"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kikara ("throat, opening").	noun	throat; the gullet or windpipe. 1. Inlet, narrow bay. 2. Narrow opening in something.

K

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
kalarha	['kalar̥a]	From Old Sani kala ("sea animal") and raha ("scale"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kala and raha.	noun	fish, a typically cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water, moving with the help of fins and breathing with gills.
kalin	['kalɪn]	From Old Sani kalina ("tooth"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian kali ("cut, shear").	noun	tooth; front incisors as opposed to molars.
kalsa	['kal.sa]	From Cisamarrese calzatura ("shoe").	noun	shoe; covered footwear. 1. (Vulgar) Vagina.
kalsho	['kal.ʃɔ]	From Cisamarrese calcio ("a kick, football").	noun	football; a sport where two teams play on a field using a football.
kamulë	['kamulə]	From Old Sani kamola ("rest, sleep"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kamila ("rest, sleep").	verb	sleep; to rest in a state of reduced consciousness.
-kan	['kan]		suffix	Added to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of being (the adjective)", "the quality of being (the adjective)" or "the measure of being (the adjective)".
kara	['kaɾa]		noun	river; a large and often winding stream of water, moving from a higher to a lower point, often ending in another body of water.
katiwhë	['katɪʍə]		verb	trust, have faith in; confidence in or reliance on a person or quality.
katiwhen	['katɪʍɛn]		noun	faithfulness, trustworthiness; the noun form of katiwhë.
kawlapa	['kawlapa]		noun	carabao, water buffalo; a large ungulate, widely used as a dmoestic animal in continental Sanama.
kaxi		['kaxɪ]
kaye		['kajɛ]	pronoun	none; not any of a given number or group.
kayinë	['kajɪnə]	From Old Sani kaya ("firm, solid") and hin-, from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *kin- ("consume, eat, drink").	verb	eat; to consume (usually) solid food.
keris	['keɾɪs]	From Istvanistani grease.	noun	grease, fat; animal or vegetable fat, or by extension any oily or fatty matter.
kiti	['kitɪ]		adj.	small; not large or big.
kokarho	['kɔkaɾ̥ɔ]		noun	heart; an organ pumping blood around the body of an animal.
konselyo	[kɔn'sɛljɔ]	From Cisamarrese consiglio ("council").	noun	council; a committee that leads or governs. Often used for business boards or boards of associations and the like, with lhusan being used for government deliberative bodies.
korta	['kɔɾta]		noun	string, line; a long, thin piece of material, a corded line of such pieces. 1. Chain, especially used on ships. 2. Rope, especially used on ships. 3. Mountain range, especially the Kortilhera Mountains.
kosel	['kɔsɛl]		noun	rudder; the steering apparatus on a ship or boat. 1. (figurative) The controls of something, like an organisation or company, which a person can control and thereby control the organisation or company.
koslhë	['kɔsɬə]		verb	steer, control, guide; to guide the course of a vessel, vehicle, ship etc. by means of a device such as a rudder or a steering wheel. 1. (intransitive) To be directed, governed or steered. 2. (transitive) To direct or maneuver a person, animal or group of persons or animals into a place or a course of action. 3. (reflexive) To conduct oneself, to take or pursue a course of action. 4. To direct or send an object into a specific place.
koslhen	['kɔsɬɛn]		noun	government, rulership, regime; a body with the power to make and enforce laws to control an area, a people or an organisation. 1. The state and its administration viewed as the ruling power. 2. The management or control of a system. 3. The Council of State.
kosos	['kɔsɔs]	From Praeta Koïsoß ("empire or a significant state, realm, domain, sphere").	noun	empire; nation or state ruled by an emperor; major world power.
kota	['kɔta]		noun	oar; a type of lever used to propel a boat, having a flat blade at one end and a handle at the other.
kotë	['kɔtə]		verb	row; to propel a boat forward by using oars.
kukatë	['kukatə]		verb	bite 1. (transitive) To cut something by clamping the teeth. 2. (intransitive) To attack with the teeth.
kuxo	['kuxɔ]		noun	claw; a curved, pointed, horny projection on each digit of the foot of a land animal, such as a cat, dog or mouse.

L

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
lamix	['lamɪx]		adjective	cold 1. (of a thing) Having a low temperature. 2. (of the weather) Causing the air to be cold. 3. (of a person or animal) Feeling a sensation of coldness, a lack of warmth, especially when uncomfortable.
lan	['lan]		numeral	one; a numerical value equal to 1.
lanta	['lanta]		noun	path; a trail used by pedestrians.
lanyita	['lanjɪta]		noun	union 1. The state of being united or joined. 2. Something united, or made one; something formed by a combination or coalition of parts or members.
laxas	['laxas]		noun	power, strength; the ability to do or undergo something, physical force.
laxasya	['laxasja]		adjective	powerful, strong; the state of having power or strength.
leshus	['le:ʃus]	From Praeta Læszus ("Professor").	noun	Professor, most senior rank for an academic at a university or similar institution.
leti	['letɪ]		noun	man; an adult male human.
lilina	['lilɪna]		noun	hair; a pigmented filament of keratin growing from a follicle on the skin of humans and other mammals.
ling	['liŋ]		noun	week; either any set of six days, or the six days of the calendar week.
lipi	['li:pɪ]		noun	family, kin 1. Any person that a person is related to, either by blood or marriage. 2. (archaic) hearth; a fire to warm a house or to cook food over.
lukoyë	['lukɔjə]		verb	swim 1. (intransitive) To propel oneself through water by natural means without touching the bottom. 2. (transitive) To traverse a body of water or a specific distance by swimming, or to use a special stroke, or to compete in a swimming event.
lunti	['luntɪ]		noun	green; the color of grass and leaves; a primary color between yellow and blue. 1. Any substance of a green color. 2. A green light used as a signal. 3. (slang) A R$50 note.
lupatë	['lu:patə]		verb	fly 1. (intransitive) To travel through the air, another gas or vacuum, without being in contact with a grounded surface. 2. (transitive, ergative) To cause to fly, to transport via air or the like.

Lh

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
lhaman	['ɬaman]		noun	flesh, meat 1. The soft tissue of the body. 2. Animal tissue regarded as food; meat. 3. The soft edible parts of certain fruits.
lhuna	['ɬuna]		numeral	eleven; a numerical value equal to 11.
lhus	['ɬu:s]		noun	discussion, exchange of ideas; a mutual meaningful conversation.
lhusan	['ɬu:san]		noun	assembly, council; often used for the traditional local tribal councils in Sanilla and Amarra, as well as the national legislature of Sanama. For foreign deliberative bodies, konselyo is used.
lhusë	['ɬu:sə]		verb	discuss, exchange ideas.

M

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
ma	[ma:]	Originally probably from baby talk. Originally from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *ma.	noun	mother 1. A female parent, especially of a human. 2. A female who has given birth to a baby; this person in relation to her child or children.
mama	['mama]	Originally from baby talk, reduplication of ma.	noun	(colloquial) mother, female parent.
mahalalë	['mahalalə]		verb	remember, recall; to have an image in one's memory.
mahalalen	['mahalalɛn]		noun	rememberance, recollection; an image in one's memory.
maheshanë	['mahɛʃanə]		verb	support 1. (transitive) To help keep from falling. 2. (transitive) To back or favor a cause, party, etc., mentally or with concrete aid. 3. (transitive) To provide sustenance or maintenance for. 4. (transitive) To help, to subsidise. 5. (transitive) To serve, assiste or be involved with.
maheshanen	['mahɛʃanɛn]		noun	support 1. Something which supports. 2. Financial or other help.
maheshanenti	['mahɛʃanɛntɪ]		noun	supporter; a person who gives support to something or someone.
makë	['makə]		verb
mala
mamanë
manin
manso
maputi
maten
matë
maton
meheng
mihirë	['mihɪɾə]	From Old Sani mihira ("song"), from Proto-Cosimo-Benacian *mihi ("swishing wind").	verb	1. (intransitive) To sing; to produce musical or harmonious sounds with one’s voice. 2. (transitive) To sing; to express audibly by means of a harmonious vocalization. 3. (transitive, poetic, figuratively) To express one's romantic love or feelings for someone else.
mile
miqale
mo
mongko

N

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
nako
namake
narte
nashonal
nati
neyshën
nula
nulhë

Ng

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
ngarë
ngulo

O

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
oko
orën
oyá

P

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
pa
paha
paharh
pahay
pahayë
palana
palarh
paka
palë
pane
panë
panga
pantera
parhkita
pato
peha
pehati
pepehaken
pesh
peshë
pëko
pikas
piki
pilong
pipë
pixë
posa
pula
puno
punta
punto
pupaw
puri
putiki
puti
puto
puwha
puyë

Q

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
qale
qani
qaqale
qaqatirhi
qe
qukal
qukalsim
qul
qulyuma
qurtë

R

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
ranti

Rh

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
rasin	['rasɪn]	From Old Praeta rasn ("house, dwelling; self-contained portion of a larger building for residing in").	noun	Room, section of a house or apartment.
rhayon
rhimë
rhinga
rhumë
rhumëti

S

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
sale
san			suffix	1. Substantive suffix denoting a condition or state of being. 2. Substantive suffix denoting a group sharing a specified condition or state.
sawa
seno
sento
serhqal
serhqalë
serhqalya
si
si-na-xusha
si-na-xusha-ta-xumi
sim
sisa
sisikë
sisiken
sumasë
sumasen
sunë

Sh

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
shali	['ʃalɪ]	From Red Laqi ć'ale ("boy, youth").	noun	(colloquial, slang) Boy, male child.
shara
sharam
sharamya
shaw
shef
shel	['ʃel]	From Praeta Szæl ("floor, level in a building").	noun	Floor, level in a building.
sheya
shorh
shuka
shukako

T

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
ta
taha
talë
tamë
tari
tata
tatawal
tati
tawal
taxa
taxo
taxati
taxon
tayo
telh
telhera
terhi
terhiya
ti
tila
tilwha
titixa
tiqa
tiqa-na-xusha
tiqa-na-xusha-ta-xumi
tira
to
tufi
tulha
tulhë
tuman
tuxa

Th

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
tha
thaman
thel
thesun

U

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
uray
uraya
urayya
urqo

W

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
walana

Wh

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
whaso

X

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
xalmë
xësha	['xəʃa]	From Red Laqi ḣıcabz ("girl").	noun	(colloquial, slang) Girl, female child.
xonu
xonuti
xosale
xumi
xumi-ta-harh
xumi-ta-iko
xumi-ta-lan
xumi-ta-palë
xumi-ta-si
xumi-ta-tiqa
xumi-ta-walana
xusha
xusha-ta-lan
xusha-ta-xumi

Y

Word	Pronunciation	Etymology	Class	Istvanistani
ya
yatha
yala
yano
yenashë
yenashen
yoras
yoren
yoru
yuha
yukal
yula
yuso
yusha