Sanaman language/Vocabulary
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Sanaman vocabulary
Most of the Sanaman vocabulary is Cosimo-Benacian in origin, but the language has also borrowed words, mostly from Cisamarrese, some from Laqi and more recently Istvanistani, Praeta and Babkhi. A standardised version of the Sanaman language, comprising influences from the Ama and Sani dialects, was formed in 1681.
| Semantic Domain | Word | Etymology | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| body | xonu | noun: head, main | |
| government | xonuti | noun: traditional: king, leader, chieftain; modern: president | |
| grammar | ti | suffix: abstraction of noun to refer to a person | |
| grammar | lla | suffix: area belonging to the modified noun | |
| grammar | qe | suffix: part, section, subdivision of the modified noun | |
| sawa | adjective: free, unchained, not in servitude, independent | ||
| government | rrumë | noun: state, independent entity | |
| grammar | na | conjunction: and | |
| government | kosos | Pr. Koïsoß, "Empire or a significant State, realm, domain, sphere" | noun: empire |
| interjection | oyá | interj.: hello, hi | |
| color | lunti | noun, adjective: green | |
| structure | ffaman | noun: garden, fenced or otherwise delimited area with controlled greenery | |
| direction | esa | noun, adjective: east | |
| geology | paharr | noun: spring, source of running water | |
| direction | ate | noun, adjective: west | |
| geography | hareffa | noun: island | |
| geography | hareffina | Sa. hareffa, island + ina, half | noun: peninsula |
| colloquialism | tata | noun: filth, dirt | |
| profanity | tati | Sa. tata, filth, dirt | noun: originally a derogatory term for Sanis used by Istvani-speakers in and around Niyi. Now considered a racist slur, but used to that effect all over the country in certain circles. |
| abstract | pesh | adjective, noun: dead, death | |
| abstract | peshë | verb: die, cease to live | |
| geography | ranti | noun: beach, shore | |
| direction | teta | noun, adjective: south | |
| geography | puri | noun: harbour, port | |
| geography | kara | noun: river | |
| axi | adjective: new | ||
| pantera | Cis. bandiera | noun: flag | |
| insenya | Cis. insegna | noun: ensign | |
| sale | noun: health, soundness | ||
| sale | Cis. sale | noun: salt | |
| manso | Cis. manzo | noun: beef, meat from cattle | |
| muton | Ist. mutton | noun: mutton, meat from sheep | |
| kalarra | noun: fish | ||
| whaso | noun: bird | ||
| inseto | Cis. insetto | noun: insect | |
| ffesun | noun: animal, beast, non-human living being | ||
| xo sale | San. xo much, plentiful + San. sale health | interj. hello, hi. Often pronounced xos. Heavily promoted by Sani- and Ama-speaking cantons instead of Istvanistani expressions. | |
| shaw | Cis. ciao | interj. hello, hi. Sometimes used in Amarra and by Ama speakers in majority Cisamarrese areas. | |
| helo | Ist. hello | interj. hello, hi. Sometimes used in Sanilla and by Sani speakers in majority Istvanistani areas. | |
| namake | Bab. namak salt | noun: semen | |
| narte | Bab. nard nectar | noun: vaginal fluids | |
| geography | ixar | noun: inlet, narrow bay | |
| direction | sirra | noun, adjective: north | |
| building | islus | Elw. islus sluice | noun: sluice, lock |
| concept | halin | adj.: secure, safe | |
| concept | halimpan | San. halin secure, safe | noun: security, safety |
| grammar | -pan | suffix: turns an abstract adjective into a noun | |
| direction | apishe | Cis. apice apex, peak, climax, top | noun: apex, top, peak |
| sawa | R. Laq. zaua fight, battle, war | noun: disagreement, conflict | |
| business | pangka | Cis. banca bank | noun: bank |
| grammar | -li | suffix: genitive, signifying the owner of the preceding noun phrase | |
| grammar | -ya | suffix: turns an abstract noun into an adjective | |
| nasyon | Ist. nation | noun: nation | |
| nasyonal | Ist. national | adj.: national | |
| llusan | San. llus discussion, an house | noun: assembly, council; often used for the traditional local tribal councils in Sanilla and Amarra. For foreign deliberative bodies, konselyo is used. | |
| llus | noun: discussion, exchange of ideas; a mutual meaningful conversation. | ||
| llusë | San. llus discussion, exchange of ideas | verb: to discuss, to exchange ideas. | |
| konselyo | Cis. consiglio | noun: council; see also llusan. | |
| grammar | -en | suffix: turns a transitive verb into a noun. | |
| structure | an | noun: house, built structure for human habitation. | |
| grammar | -ako | suffix: place of, physical space belonging to the modified word. Contrasts with -lla in that -lla refers to a geographical area. | |
| rrumëti | San. rrumë state, San. -ti person of. | noun: citizen, national. Ex.: rrumëti Sanamali, citizen of Sanama. | |
| nature | qanë | Elw qanyr snowflake | noun: snow |
| geography | estorlla | Sto. Stormark, San. -lla area belonging to | noun: Stormark |
| estorti | San. estor(lla) Stormark, -ti person of | noun: 1. Storish person, 2. degenerate | |
| estorya | San. estor(lla) Stormark, -ya turns noun into adjective | 1. adj.: Storish, 2. adj.: Morally corrupt, degenerated | |
| number | nula | Cis. nulla zero | zero |
| number | lan | one | |
| number | furr | two | |
| number | si | three | |
| number | tiqa | four | |
| number | palë | five | |
| number | walana | six | |
| number | iko | seven | |
| number | sheya | eight | |
| number | nakol | nine | |
| number | papalë | ten | |
| number | tipalë | San. tiqa four, San. palë five; four fives | twenty |
| number | wapalë | San. walana six, San. palë five; six fives | thirty |
| number | shepalë | San. sheya eight, San. palë five; eight fives | forty |
| number | papapalë | San. palë five, San. papalë ten; five tens | fifty |
| number | sesanta | Cis. sessanta sixty | sixty |
| number | setanta | Cis. settanta seventy | seventy |
| number | otanta | Cis. ottanta eighty | eighty |
| number | nofanta | Cis. novanta ninety | ninety |
| number | fuwapalë | San. furr two, San. wapalë thirty; two thirties | sixty |
| number | fushepalina | San. fushepalë eighty, San. ina half | seventy |
| number | fushepalë | San. furr two, San. shepalë forty; two forties | eighty |
| number | patipalina | San. patipalë hundred, San. ina half | ninety |
| number | patipalë | San. palë five, San. tipalë twenty; five twenties | hundred |
| number | sento | Cis. cento hundred | hundred |
| concept | kaye | none, lack of something | |
| suffix | kaye | lack of the modified word, like Ist. -less | |
| prefix | lan | San. lan one | definite form, one unit of the noun |
| prefix | qul | San. qale many | undeterminate plural |
| qale | many, lots, several | ||
| miqale | few | ||
| prefix | mi | turns the modified word into its antonym | |
| animal | aso | noun: dog; domesticated canis lupus familiaris. | |
| uray | noun: love, deep affection | ||
| uraya | San. uray love (n) | t. verb: to love, to have deep affection for something or someone. | |
| urayya | San. uray love (n) | lovingly, affectionately | |
| sharam | people, ethnic group | ||
| structure | pahay | house, dwelling, establishment | |
| food | pikas | rice | |
| abstract nouns | serhqal | noun: theft, thievery | |
| concept | serhqalya | adj.: stolen, taken | |
| actions | serhqalë | t. verb: to steal, to take without permission | |
| geography | taxa | noun: sea, ocean | |
| person | taxati | noun: seaman, sailor | |
| physics | hangko | noun: air, atmosphere |
Swadesh list
| Istvani | Sani | Istvani | Sani |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | ako | breasts | |
| you | ika | heart | |
| we (inclusive) | tayo | liver | |
| this | to | drink (verb) | |
| that | ya | eat (verb) | |
| who? | ffino | bite (verb) | |
| what? | yano | see (verb) | |
| not | kaye | hear (verb) | |
| all (of a number) | telh | know (facts) | |
| many | qale | sleep (verb) | |
| one | lan | die (verb) | |
| two | furh | kill (verb) | |
| big | mala | swim (verb) | |
| long (not wide) | maten | fly (verb) | |
| small | kiti | walk (verb) | |
| woman | nati | come (verb) | |
| man (adult male human) | leti | lie (on side, recline) | |
| person (invididual human) | ti | sit (verb) | |
| fish (noun) | kalarha | stand (verb) | |
| bird | whaso | give (verb) | |
| dog | asho | say (verb) | |
| louse | titixa | sun | |
| tree (not log) | puno | moon | |
| seed (noun) | fini | star | |
| leaf (botanics) | taxo | water (noun) | |
| root (botanics) | yukal | rain (noun) | |
| bark (of tree) | tuman | stone (noun) | |
| skin (person's) | palarh | sand | |
| flesh (meat, flesh) | lhaman | earth (soil) | |
| blood | tuxa | cloud (not fog) | |
| bone | puto | smoke (noun, of fire) | |
| grease (fat, organic substance) | keris | fire | |
| egg | oko | ash(es) | |
| horn (of bull etc.) | hela | burn (verb intr.) | |
| tail | punto | path (road, trail) | |
| feather (large, not down) | palana | mountain (not hill) | |
| hair (on head of humans) | lilina | red (color) | |
| head (anatomic) | xonu | green (color) | |
| ear | ngulo | yellow (color) | |
| eye | ala | white (color) | |
| nose | seno | black (color) | |
| mouth | shef | night | |
| tooth (front, rather than molar) | kalin | hot (adjective) | |
| tongue (anatomical) | tila | cold (of weather) | |
| claw | kuxo | full | |
| foot (not leg) | paha | new | |
| knee | tari | good | |
| hand | rhinga | round | |
| belly (lower part of body, abdomen) | pëko | dry (substance) | |
| neck (not nape) | kaxi | name |
