Sanaman vocabulary

Sanaman vocabulary

Most of the Sanaman vocabulary is Cosimo-Benacian in origin, but the language has also borrowed words, mostly from Cisamarrese, some from Laqi and more recently Istvanistani, Praeta and Babkhi. A standardised version of the Sanaman language, comprising influences from the Ama and Sani dialects, was formed in 1681.

Semantic Domain	Word	Etymology	Definition
body	xonu		noun: head, main
government	xonuti		noun: traditional: king, leader, chieftain; modern: president
grammar	ti		suffix: abstraction of noun to refer to a person
grammar	lla		suffix: area belonging to the modified noun
grammar	qe		suffix: part, section, subdivision of the modified noun
grammar	kan		suffix: Added to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of being (the adjective)", "the quality of being (the adjective)", or "the measure of being (the adjective)".
	sawa		adjective: free, unchained, not in servitude, independent
government	rrumë		noun: state, independent entity
grammar	na		conjunction: and
government	kosos	Pr. Koïsoß, "Empire or a significant State, realm, domain, sphere"	noun: empire
interjection	oyá		interj.: hello, hi
color	lunti		noun, adjective: green
structure	ffaman		noun: garden, fenced or otherwise delimited area with controlled greenery
direction	esa		noun, adjective: east
geology	paharr		noun: spring, source of running water
direction	ate		noun, adjective: west
geography	hareffa [ha'reθa]		noun: island
geography	hareffina [ha'reθina]	Sa. hareffa, island + ina, half	noun: peninsula
colloquialism	tata		noun: filth, dirt
profanity	tati	Sa. tata, filth, dirt	noun: originally a derogatory term for Sanis used by Istvani-speakers in and around Niyi. Now considered a racist slur, but used to that effect all over the country in certain circles.
abstract	pesh		adjective, noun: dead, death
abstract	peshë		verb: die, cease to live
geography	ranti		noun: shore, often rocky or forested
direction	teta		noun, adjective: south
geography	puri		noun: harbour, port
geography	kara		noun: river
	axi		adjective: new
	pantera [pan'teɾa]	Cis. bandiera	noun: flag
	insenya [ɪn'senja]	Cis. insegna	noun: ensign
	sale		noun: health, soundness
	sale	Cis. sale	noun: salt
	manso	Cis. manzo	noun: beef, meat from cattle
	maton	Ist. mutton	noun: mutton, meat from sheep
	kalarra		noun: fish
	whaso		noun: bird
	inseto [ɪn'seto]	Cis. insetto	noun: insect
	ffesun		noun: animal, beast, non-human living being
	xosale	San. xo much, plentiful + San. sale health	interj. greetings. Often pronounced xos. Heavily promoted by Sani- and Ama-speaking cantons instead of Istvanistani expressions. Slightly formal.
	shaw	Cis. ciao	interj. hello, hi. Sometimes used in Amarra and by Sanaman speakers in majority Cisamarrese areas.
	helo	Ist. hello	interj. hello, hi. Sometimes used in Sanilla and by Sanaman speakers in majority Istvanistani areas.
	namake	Bab. namak salt	noun: semen
	narte	Bab. nard nectar	noun: vaginal fluids
geography	ixar		noun: inlet, narrow bay
direction	sirra		noun, adjective: north
building	islus	Elw. islus sluice	noun: sluice, lock
concept	halin		adj.: secure, safe
concept	halimpan	San. halin secure, safe	noun: security, safety
grammar	-pan		suffix: turns an abstract adjective into a noun
direction	apishe	Cis. apice apex, peak, climax, top	noun: apex, top, peak
	sawa [sa'wa]	R. Laq. zaua fight, battle, war	noun: disagreement, conflict
business	pangka	Cis. banca bank	noun: bank
grammar	-li		suffix: genitive, signifying the owner of the preceding noun phrase
grammar	-ya		suffix: turns an abstract noun into an adjective
	neyshën	Ist. nation	noun: nation
	nashonal	Ist. national	adj.: national
	llusan	San. llus discussion, an house	noun: assembly, council; often used for the traditional local tribal councils in Sanilla and Amarra. For foreign deliberative bodies, konselyo is used.
	llus		noun: discussion, exchange of ideas; a mutual meaningful conversation.
	llusë	San. llus discussion, exchange of ideas	verb: to discuss, to exchange ideas.
	konselyo [kon'seljo]	Cis. consiglio	noun: council; see also llusan.
grammar	-en		suffix: turns a transitive verb into a noun.
structure	an		noun: house, built structure for human habitation.
grammar	-ako		suffix: place of, physical space belonging to the modified word. Contrasts with -lla in that -lla refers to a geographical area.
	rrumëti	San. rrumë state, San. -ti person of.	noun: citizen, national. Ex.: rrumëti Sanamali, citizen of Sanama.
nature	qani	Elw qanyr snowflake	noun: snow
geography	estorlla [e'stoɾ̥ɬa]	Sto. Stormark, San. -lla area belonging to	noun: Stormark
	estorti [e'stoɾtɪ]	San. estor(lla) Stormark, -ti person of	noun: 1. Storish person, 2. degenerate
	estorya [e'stoɾja]	San. estor(lla) Stormark, -ya turns noun into adjective	1. adj.: Storish, 2. adj.: Morally corrupt, degenerated
number	nula	Cis. nulla zero	zero
number	lan		one
number	furr		two
number	si		three
number	tiqa		four
number	palë		five
number	walana		six
number	iko		seven
number	sheya		eight
number	nakol		nine
number	papalë		ten
number	tipalë	San. tiqa four, San. palë five; four fives	twenty
number	wapalë	San. walana six, San. palë five; six fives	thirty
number	shepalë	San. sheya eight, San. palë five; eight fives	forty
number	papapalë	San. palë five, San. papalë ten; five tens	fifty
number	sesanta	Cis. sessanta sixty	sixty
number	setanta	Cis. settanta seventy	seventy
number	otanta	Cis. ottanta eighty	eighty
number	nofanta	Cis. novanta ninety	ninety
number	fuwapalë	San. furr two, San. wapalë thirty; two thirties	sixty
number	fushepalina	San. fushepalë eighty, San. ina half	seventy
number	fushepalë	San. furr two, San. shepalë forty; two forties	eighty
number	patipalina	San. patipalë hundred, San. ina half	ninety
number	patipalë	San. palë five, San. tipalë twenty; five twenties	hundred
number	sento	Cis. cento hundred	hundred
concept	kaye		none, lack of something
suffix	-kaye		lack of the modified word, like Ist. -less
prefix	lan-	San. lan one	definite form, one unit of the noun
particle	qul	San. qale many	undeterminate plural
	qale		many, lots, several
	miqale		few
prefix	mi-		turns the modified word into its antonym
animal	aso		noun: dog; domesticated canis lupus familiaris.
	uray		noun: love, deep affection
	uraya	San. uray love (n)	t. verb: to love, to have deep affection for something or someone.
	urayya	San. uray love (n)	lovingly, affectionately
	sharam		people, ethnic group
structure	pahay		house, dwelling, establishment
food	pikas		rice
abstract nouns	serhqal		noun: theft, thievery
concept	serhqalya		adj.: stolen, taken
actions	serhqalë		t. verb: to steal, to take without permission
geography	taxa		noun: sea, ocean
person	taxati		noun: seaman, sailor
physics	hangko		noun: air, atmosphere
physics	hare		noun: land, Micras surface
physics	rhayon		noun: lightning bolt
physics	axarana [axa'ɾana]		noun: shadow
grammar	-ye		case: from
grammar	-lan		case: to
	laxas		noun: power, strength
	laxasya	San. laxas: power, strength	adj.: powerful, strong
	terhi		noun: quickness, speediness
	terhiya	San. terhi: quickness, speediness	adj.: quick, speedy
	yenashë		verb: to be loyal towards
	yenashen		noun: loyalty
	katiwhë		verb: to trust, to have faith in
	katiwhen		noun: faithfulness, trustworthiness
	sumasë		verb: to depend, to rely upon
	sumasen		noun: dependability, reliability
	maheshanë		verb: to support
	maheshanen		noun: "supportability"
	maheshanenti		noun: supporter
	esu		noun: day (day traditionally starts at sundown)
	taxon		noun: year
	puwha		noun: month
	ling		noun: week
animals	pupaw		noun: pig, hog
animals	paka		noun: cow
animals	kawlapa		noun: carabao
animals	qaqatirri		noun: bird endemic to Sanama
animals	putiki		noun: lizard
animals	meheng		noun: goat
animals	amerha		noun: eagle
animals	mongko		noun: mongoose
animals	piki		noun: chicken
animals	yusha		noun: deer
animals	posa		noun: cat
animals	telhera		noun: fish endemic to Sanaman lakes and rivers
animals	ihaw		noun: donkey
animals	yuha		noun: monkey
	mahalalë		verb: to remember, to recall
	mahalalen		noun: rememberance, recollection
grammar	-xelh		suffix: suffix indicating the word is to an extreme extent
	kota		noun: oar
	kosel		noun: rudder, steering apparatus on a ship
	koslë		verb: to steer
	koslhen		noun: government, rulership
	sharamya		adj.: popular (from people)
	koslhen sharamyapan		noun: democracy
	koslhen sharamyaya		adj.: democratic
	sim		suffix: performer of a verb
	qukal	From Proto-Sanaman qukaleni, "teeth"	noun: ceremonial mace, fish-fork (archaic)
	qukalsim		noun: chairperson, president of a committee, council leader, chieftain (archaic)
	ffel		suffix: forms nouns denoting instrument from verb
	tawal		noun: gathering; also a Sanaman community gathering or party
	tatawal		noun: assembly, (political) party
	lanyita		noun: union
suffix	-yita		suffix: abstraction of noun
	peha		noun: part, share
	pehati	From peha, "part, share" and -ti, "person"	noun: member
	orën		noun: law, regulation
suffix	-ë		suffix: turns word into verb
	sisikë		verb: to stick to, to adhere, to conform to something, to enforce
	sisiken		noun: adherence, conformity, enforcement
suffix	-xin, -ken, -ki		suffix: derivation of nouns
	pepehaken	From peha, "part, share" with reduplication and -ken, derivation of nouns.	noun: department, section
	urqo		noun: bull; male bovine
	haxal		noun: lord, ruler; ruler serving under the xonuti
	haxalla		noun: lord's domain
	shuka		noun: market
	shukako		noun: marketplace, city
	qale		interjection: thanks, thank you
	qaqale	duplication of first syllable in qale, thanks	noun: many thanks
	maputi	From maha, "time" and puti, "good"	interjection: welcome
	lipi	Extension of meaning from lipi, "hearth"	noun: family, kin, hearth
	pane		adj: sandy beach
	tira		noun: lowlands, fields
	korta	From Cisamarrese and Tellian corda, see also Martino cuerda	noun: string, line
	parhkita	From Old Ama parikita, from Old Praeta bairg- + -ida, meaning "keep, fortress"	noun: castle, palace
	harunti	From Old Ama haruniti, from Old Praeta airundi, meaning "letter, written message"	noun: legal proclamation, for example of new legislation coming into effect
	erin	From Praeta Ærnn, meaning "letter, written message", se also "harunti"	noun: letter, written note or message
	kalsho	From Cisamarrese calcio, meaning "a kick, football"	noun: Association football

Swadesh list

Istvanistani	Sanaman	Istvanistani	Sanaman
I	ako	breasts	qulyuma
you	ika	heart	kokorho
we (inclusive)	tayo	liver	yaffa
this	to	drink (verb)	inë
that	ya	eat (verb)	kayinë
who?	ffino	bite (verb)	kukatë
what?	yano	see (verb)	matë
not	kaye	hear (verb)	panë
all (of a number)	telh	know (facts)	mamanë
many	qale	sleep (verb)	kamulë
one	lan	die (verb)	peshë
two	furh	kill (verb)	puyë
big	mala	swim (verb)	lukoyë
long (not wide)	maten	fly (verb)	lupatë
small	kiti	walk (verb)	makë
woman	nati	come (verb)	tulhë
man (adult male human)	leti	lie (on side, recline)	nulhë
person (invididual human)	ti	sit (verb)	ayalë
fish (noun)	kalarha	stand (verb)	esatë
bird	whaso	give (verb)	damë
dog	asho	say (verb)	pixë
louse	titixa	sun	esas
tree (not log)	puno	moon	yoras
seed (noun)	fini	star	shorh
leaf (botanics)	taxo	water (noun)	tufi
root (botanics)	yukal	rain (noun)	yula
bark (of tree)	tuman	stone (noun)	pato
skin (person's)	palarh	sand	sisa
flesh (meat, flesh)	lhaman	earth (soil)	tulha
blood	tuxa	cloud (not fog)	yala
bone	puto	smoke (noun, of fire)	yuso
grease (fat, organic substance)	keris	fire	affoy
egg	oko	ash(es)	hanu
horn (of bull etc.)	hela	burn (verb intr.)	sunë
tail	punto	path (road, trail)	lanta
feather (large, not down)	palana	mountain (not hill)	punto
hair (on head of humans)	lilina	red (color)	pula
head (anatomic)	xonu	green (color)	lunti
ear	ngulo	yellow (color)	tilwha
eye	ala	white (color)	puti
nose	seno	black (color)	yoren
mouth	shef	night	yoru
tooth (front, rather than molar)	kalin	hot (adjective)	affelh
tongue (anatomical)	tila	cold (of weather)	lamix
claw	kuxo	full	puno
foot (not leg)	paha	new	axi
knee	tari	good	puti
hand	rhinga	round	pilong
belly (lower part of body, abdomen)	pëko	dry (substance)	manin
neck (not nape)	kaxi	name	panga