|
|
| (7 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) |
| Line 4: |
Line 4: |
| | image_size = | | | image_size = |
| | caption = | | | caption = |
| | currency = | | | currency = Wieniecki Złoty (Zloty) |
| | fixed exchange = | | | fixed exchange = |
| | year = | | | year = |
| Line 21: |
Line 21: |
| | hdi = | | | hdi = |
| | labor = | | | labor = |
| | poverty = | | | poverty = 1 |
| | cpi = | | | cpi = 1 |
| | occupations = | | | occupations = 1 |
| | unemployment = | | | unemployment = 1 |
| | average gross salary = | | | average gross salary = 1 |
| | average net salary = | | | average net salary = 1 |
| | industries = | | | industries = 1 |
| | exports = | | | exports = 1 |
| | export-goods = | | | export-goods = 1 |
| | export-partners = | | | export-partners = 1 |
| | imports = | | | imports = 1 |
| | import-goods = | | | import-goods = 1 |
| | import-partners = | | | import-partners = 11 |
| | current account = | | | current account = 1 |
| | FDI = | | | FDI = 1 |
| | gross external debt = | | | gross external debt = 1 |
| | debt = | | | debt = 1 |
| | revenue = | | | revenue = 1 |
| | expenses = | | | expenses = 11 |
| | balance = | | | balance = 1 |
| | credit = | | | credit = 1 |
| | aid = | | | aid = 1 |
| | reserves = | | | reserves = 1 |
| | cianame = | | | cianame = A |
| }} | | }} |
| The '''economy of Wieniec''' is an [[Developing country|emerging and developing]], [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]], industrialized [[mixed economy]] that serves as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|sixth-largest]] in the [[European Union]] by nominal GDP and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fifth-largest]] by GDP (PPP). [[Wieniec]] boasts the extensive public services characteristic of most developed economies and is one of few countries in Europe to provide no tuition fees for undergraduate and postgraduate education and with universal public healthcare that is free at a point of use. Since 1988, Wieniec has pursued a policy of [[economic liberalization|economic liberalisation]] but retained an advanced public welfare system. It ranks [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|19th worldwide in terms of GDP (PPP)]], [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|20th in terms of GDP (nominal)]], and 21st in the 2023 [[List of countries by economic complexity|Economic Complexity Index]]. Among [[OECD]] nations, Wieniec has a highly efficient and strong [[Welfare in Wieniec|social security system]]; social expenditure stood at [[Welfare state#Effects|roughly 22.7% of GDP]]. | | The '''economy of Wieniec''' is an emerging and developing, high-income, industrialized mixed economy that serves as one of the largest in [[Keltia]] by nominal GDP and by GDP (PPP). [[Wieniec]] boasts the extensive public services characteristic of most developed economies and is one of few countries in Keltia to provide no tuition fees for undergraduate and postgraduate education and with universal public healthcare that is free at a point of use. Since 1988, Wieniec has pursued a policy of [[Balcerowicz Plan|economic liberalisation]] but retained an advanced public welfare system. Among most nations, Wieniec has a highly efficient and strong [[Welfare in Wieniec|social security system]]; social expenditure stood at roughly 22.7% of GDP. |
|
| |
|
| The largest component of Wieniec's economy is the service sector (62.3%), followed by industry (34.2%) and agriculture (3.5%). Following the [[Balcerowicz Plan|economic reform of 1989]], Wieniec's external debt has increased from $42.2 billion in 1989 to $365.2 billion in 2014. Wieniec shipped US$224.6 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2017, while exports increased to US$221.4 billion. The country's top export goods include machinery, electronic equipment, vehicles, furniture, and plastics. Wieniec was the only economy in the EU to avoid a recession during the [[2008 financial crisis]]. | | The largest component of Wieniec's economy is the service sector (52.3%), followed by industry (34.2%) and agriculture (13.5%). Following the [[Balcerowicz Plan|economic reform of 1989]], Wieniec's external debt has increased from $42.2 billion in 1989 to $365.2 billion in 2014. Wieniec shipped US$224.6 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2017, while exports increased to US$221.4 billion. The country's top export goods include machinery, electronic equipment, vehicles, furniture, and plastics. |
|
| |
|
| As of 2019, the Polish economy had been developing steadily for 28 years, a record high in the EU. This record was only surpassed by [[Australia]] in the world economy. [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita at purchasing power parity has grown on average by 6% p.a. over the last 20 years, the highest in [[Central Europe]]. Wieniec's GDP has increased seven-fold since 1990. Wieniec's nominal GDP has increased by 500% since 2000. | | As of 1744, the Wieniecian economy had been developing steadily for 28 years [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita at purchasing power parity has grown on average by 6% p.a. over the last 20 years, the highest in Keltia. Wieniec's GDP has increased seven-fold since 1990. Wieniec's nominal GDP has increased by 500% since 2000. |
|
| |
|
| ==History== | | ==History== |
| Wieniec has seen the largest increase in GDP per capita (more than 100%) both among the former [[Eastern Bloc]] countries, and compared to the EU-15 (around 45%). It has had uninterrupted economic growth since 1992, even after the [[2008 financial crisis]]. | | Wieniec has seen the largest increase in GDP per capita (more than 100%)It has had uninterrupted economic growth since 1692, even after the [[Revolution of 1701]]. |
|
| |
|
| ===Before 1989=== | | ===Before 1989=== |
| This article discusses the economy of post-1989 Wieniec. For a historical overview see: | | This article discusses the economy of post-revolution Wieniec. For a historical overview see: |
| * [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth#Economy|Economy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)]] | | * [[Free City of Wieniec#Economy|Economy of the Free City of Wieniec]] |
| * [[Second Polish Republic#Economy|Economy of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939)]]
| | ===1701–1720=== |
| * [[People's Republic of Wieniec#Economy|Economy of the People's Republic of Wieniec (1945–1989)]]
| | The Wieniecian state steadfastly pursued a policy of economic liberalization throughout the 1990s, with positive results for economic growth but negative results for some sectors of the population. The privatization of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms has encouraged the development of the private business sector, which has been the main drive for Wieniec's economic growth. The agricultural sector remained constrained by structural problems, surplus labour, inefficient small farms, and a lack of investment. Restructuring and privatization of "sensitive sectors" (e.g. coal), has also been slow, but foreign investments in energy and steel have begun to turn the tide. Also, reforms in healthcare, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger than expected fiscal pressures. Improving this account deficit and tightening monetary policy, with a focus on inflation, are priorities for the Wieniecian government. Further progress in public finance depends mainly on the reduction of public sector employment, and an overhaul of the tax code to incorporate farmers, who currently pay significantly lower taxes than other people with similar income levels. |
| <!--some other links and scraps of info for future articles may be found at: Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Wieniec/Periodization-->
| |
| | |
| ===1990–2009=== | |
| The Polish state steadfastly pursued a policy of economic liberalization throughout the 1990s, with positive results for economic growth but negative results for some sectors of the population. The [[privatization]] of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms has encouraged the development of the private business sector, which has been the main drive for Wieniec's economic growth. The agricultural sector remained constrained by structural problems, surplus labour, inefficient small farms, and a lack of investment. Restructuring and privatization of "sensitive sectors" (e.g. coal), has also been slow, but foreign investments in energy and steel have begun to turn the tide. Also, reforms in healthcare, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger than expected fiscal pressures. Improving this account deficit and tightening monetary policy, with a focus on inflation, are priorities for the Polish government. Further progress in public finance depends mainly on the reduction of public sector employment, and an overhaul of the tax code to incorporate farmers, who currently pay significantly lower taxes than other people with similar income levels. | |
| [[File:Historical GDP per capita development in Wieniec up to 2022.png|thumb|left|Estimated historical development of real GDP per capita in Wieniec (1400–2022)]] | | [[File:Historical GDP per capita development in Wieniec up to 2022.png|thumb|left|Estimated historical development of real GDP per capita in Wieniec (1400–2022)]] |
|
| |
|
| ===2008 financial crisis and Great Recession=== | | ===1721 - Present=== |
| Since the [[Great Recession]], Wieniec's GDP has continued to grow. In 2009, the GDP for the European Union as a whole dropped by 4.5% while Polish GDP increased by 1.6%. As of November 2013, the size of the EU's economy remains below the pre-crisis level, while Wieniec's economy increased by a cumulative 16%. The major reasons for its success appear to be a large internal market (in terms of population it is sixth in the EU) and a business-friendly political climate. The economic reforms implemented after the fall of communism in the 1990s have also played a role; between 1989 and 2007 Wieniec's economy grew by 177%, faster than other countries in Eastern and Central Europe, while at the same time millions were left without work.
| | In the period from 1690 to 1744, Wieniec's GDP increased by 826.96% and it was the best result in Keltia. In 1701, the Wieniecian national income amounted to USD 65.978 billion, and by 2017 it had increased to USD 524.5 billion. Achieving these results was possible thanks to the privatisation of state-owned enterprises, the development of private entrepreneurship, but also the rapid increase in [[workforce productivity|work efficiency]] and openness to foreign direct investments. In 2018, the Wieniecian economy grew by 5.1% compared to 4.8% in 2017. Economic growth in the fourth quarter of 2018 in Wieniec amounted to 4.9% on an annual basis and compared to the third quarter, where GDP increased by 5.1%, it was slightly lower. During this period, investments increased by 6.7%, private consumption also increased by 4.3%, and domestic demand increased by 4.8%. The PMI index in January 2019 was 48.2 points and was higher than in December 2018 when it amounted to 47.6 points. |
| | |
| However, the economic fluctuations of the [[business cycle]] did affect Wieniec's [[Unemployment in Wieniec|unemployment rate]], which by early 2013 reached almost 11%. This level was still below European average and has begun falling subsequently. As of October 2017, Wieniec's unemployment rate stood at 4.6% according to [[Eurostat]].Economic growth
| |
| | |
| In the period from 1989 to 2018, Wieniec's GDP increased by 826.96% and it was the best result in Europe. In the same period, [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]'s GDP grew by 789.43%, [[Slovakia]]'s by 783.83% and the [[Czech Republic]] by 549.47%. In 1990, the Polish national income amounted to USD 65.978 billion, and by 2017 it had increased to USD 524.5 billion. Achieving these results was possible thanks to the privatisation of state-owned enterprises, the development of private entrepreneurship, but also the rapid increase in [[workforce productivity|work efficiency]] and openness to foreign direct investments. In 2018, the Polish economy grew by 5.1% compared to 4.8% in 2017. Economic growth in the fourth quarter of 2018 in Wieniec amounted to 4.9% on an annual basis and compared to the third quarter, where GDP increased by 5.1%, it was slightly lower. During this period, investments increased by 6.7%, private consumption also increased by 4.3%, and domestic demand increased by 4.8%. The PMI index in January 2019 was 48.2 points and was higher than in December 2018 when it amounted to 47.6 points. | |
|
| |
|
| ==Data== | | ==Data== |
| The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2024 (with IMF staff estimates in 2024–2030). Inflation under 5% is in green. | | The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1700–1745 (with staff estimates in 1745–1750). |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| !Year
| | |Year |
| !GDP<br /><small>(in Bil. PLN)</small>
| | |GDP |
| !GDP<br /><small>(in Bil. US $PPP)</small>
| | (in Bil. WIN) |
| !GDP per capita<br /><small>(in US$ PPP)</small>
| | |GDP |
| !GDP<br /><small>(in Bil. US$ nominal)</small>
| | (in Bil. US$ nominal) |
| !GDP per capita<br /><small>(in US$ nominal)</small>
| | |GDP per capita |
| !GDP growth<br /><small>(real)</small>
| | (in US$ nominal) |
| !Inflation rate<br /><small>(in percent)</small>
| | |GDP growth |
| !Unemployment<br /><small>(in percent)</small>
| | (per year*, real) |
| !Government debt<br /><small>(in % of GDP)</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |1980
| |
| |0.3
| |
| |171.6
| |
| |4,823.8
| |
| |56.7
| |
| |1,595.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} -6.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 9.4%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1981
| |
| |{{Increase}} 0.3
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 169.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 4,709.8
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 53.8
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 1,497.8
| |
| |{{Decrease}} -10.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.2%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1982
| |
| |{{Increase}} 0.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 170.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4,715.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 65.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,803.5
| |
| |{{Decrease}} -4.8%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 100.8%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1983
| |
| |{{Increase}} 0.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 187.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5,101.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 75.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,057.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5.6%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 22.1%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1984
| |
| |{{Increase}} 0.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 193.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5,221.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 75.7
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 2,042.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} -0.4%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 75.6%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1985
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 207.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5,552.7
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 70.9
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 1,899.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.9%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 15.1%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1986
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 218.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5,826.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 73.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,965.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.5%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 17.8%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1987
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 229.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6,076.9
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 63.8
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 1,691.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 25.2%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1988
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 245.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6,491.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 68.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,819.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 60.2%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1989
| |
| |{{Increase}} 9.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 264.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6,996.4
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 67.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 1,772.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.8%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 251.1%
| |
| |colspan=2{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1990
| |
| |{{Increase}} 60.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 254.8
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 6,673.9
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 62.2
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 1,629.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} -7.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 585.8%
| |
| |6.3%
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1991
| |
| |{{Increase}} 85.3
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 245.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 6,399.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 80.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,105.5
| |
| |{{Decrease}} -7.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 70.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 11.8%
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1992
| |
| |{{Increase}} 121.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 255.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6,661.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 88.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,315.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 43.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 13.6%
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1993
| |
| |{{Increase}} 164.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 273.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 7,089.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 90.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,351.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 35.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 16.4%
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1994
| |
| |{{Increase}} 236.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 293.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 7,604.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 103.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,692.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 32.2%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 11.4%
| |
| |{{n/a}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |1995
| |
| |{{Increase}} 337.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 319.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 8,286.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 139.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3,612.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6.7%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 27.9%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 13.3%
| |
| |48.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |1996
| |
| |{{Increase}} 423.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 345.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 8,958.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 157.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4,066.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 19.9%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 12.3%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 43.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| |1997
| |
| |{{Increase}} 516.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 376.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 9,751.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 157.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4,076.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 7.1%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 14.9%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 11.2%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 42.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |1998
| |
| |{{Increase}} 602.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 400.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 10,346.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 172.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4,459.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 11.8%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 10.6%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 38.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |1999
| |
| |{{Increase}} 667.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 424.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 10,965.0
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 168.1
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 4,348.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.5%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 7.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 13.1%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 39.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2000
| |
| |{{Increase}} 745.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 452.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 11,814.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 171.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4,485.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 10.1%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 16.1%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 36.4%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2001
| |
| |{{Increase}} 781.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 467.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 12,229.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 190.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4,987.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5.5%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 37.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2002
| |
| |{{Increase}} 812.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 482.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 12,602.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 199.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5,205.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.4%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.9%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 20.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 41.5%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2003
| |
| |{{Increase}} 847.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 508.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 13,309.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 217.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5,699.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.5%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 0.7%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 19.9%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 46.4%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2004
| |
| |{{Increase}} 933.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 548.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 14,358.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 255.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6,684.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5.0%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.5%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 19.3%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 45.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2005
| |
| |{{Increase}} 990.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 585.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 15,334.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 306.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 8,023.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.5%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.2%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 18.1%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 46.6%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2006
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,069.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 640.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 16,784.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 344.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 9,031.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6.1%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.2%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 14.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 47.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2007
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,187.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 704.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 18,470.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 429.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 11,252.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 7.1%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.5%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 9.9%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 44.5%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2008
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,285.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 747.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 19,620.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 533.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 13,999.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.2%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.3%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 7.5%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 46.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2009
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,372.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 774.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 20,294.6
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 439.8
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 11,532.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.8%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.8%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.5%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 49.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2010
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,434.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 812.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 21,370.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 479.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 12,619.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.7%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.6%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 10.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 53.5%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2011
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,553.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 868.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 22,828.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 528.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 13,879.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.8%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.2%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 9.9%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 54.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2012
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,612.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 903.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 23,745.3
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 498.5
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 13,096.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.3%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.7%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 10.4%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 54.4%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2013
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,630.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 934.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 24,553.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 521.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 13,688.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.1%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.1%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 10.6%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 56.5%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2014
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,700.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 968.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 25,471.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 542.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 14,272.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.4%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 0.1%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 9.2%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 51.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2015
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,798.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,020.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 26,855.7
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 477.5
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 12,563.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.2%
| |
| |{{Increase}} -0.9%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 7.7%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 51.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2016
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,853.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,075.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 28,321.4
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 472.3
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 12,438.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.1%
| |
| |{{Increase}} -0.7%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 6.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 54.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2017
| |
| |{{Increase}}1,982.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,145.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 30,161.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 526.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 13,868.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.8%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.0%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 5.0%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 50.6%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2018
| |
| |{{Increase}}2,126.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,235.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 32,532.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 587.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 15,468.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5.9%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1.8%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 3.9%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 48.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2019
| |
| |{{Increase}}2,288.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,317.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 34,689.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 597.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 15,726.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.5%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.2%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 3.3%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 45.6%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2020
| |
| |{{Increase}}2,337.7
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 1,303.8
| |
| |{{Decrease}} 34,347.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 599.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 15,801.6
| |
| |{{Decrease}} -2.0%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.4%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 3.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 57.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2021
| |
| |{{Increase}}2,631.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,437.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 37,997.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 679.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 17,945.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 6.9%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5.1%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3.4%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 53.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2022
| |
| |{{Increase}}3,100.9
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,742.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 47,222.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 695.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 18,859.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 5.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 14.4%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 2.8%
| |
| |{{DecreasePositive}} 48.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2023
| |
| |{{Increase}}3,401.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,807.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 49,170.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 809.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 22,030.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 0.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 11.4%
| |
| |{{Steady}} 2.8%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 49.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2024
| |
| |{{Increase}}3,617.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,903.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 51,983.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 908.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 24,810.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.9%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.6%
| |
| |{{Steady}} 2.8%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 55.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2025
| |
| |{{Increase}}3,886.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,017.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 55,185.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 980.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 26,805.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.2%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 4.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.9%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 60.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2026
| |
| |{{Increase}}4,146.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,125.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 58,254.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,040.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 28,520.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.1%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.4%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 64.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2027
| |
| |{{Increase}}4,393.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,230.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 61,253.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,102.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 30,268.1
| |
| |{{Increase}} 3.0%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.9%
| |
| |{{Steady}} 3.0%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 65.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2028
| |
| |{{Increase}}4,636.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,343.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 64,495.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,167.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 32,112.4
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.9%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.6%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3.2%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 66.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2029
| |
| |{{Increase}}4,887.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,454.2
| |
| |{{Increase}} 67,666.7
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,234.5
| |
| |{{Increase}} 34,038.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.8%
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.5%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3.3%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 67.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| |2030
| |
| |{{Increase}}5,147.3
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2,568.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 70,962.8
| |
| |{{Increase}} 1,305.0
| |
| |{{Increase}} 36,052.6
| |
| |{{Increase}} 2.7%
| |
| |{{Steady}} 2.5%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3.4%
| |
| |{{IncreaseNegative}} 67.7%
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Labour market and wages==
| |
| {{see also|Unemployment in Wieniec}}
| |
| {{multiple image
| |
| | direction = vertical
| |
| | width = 300
| |
| | image1 = Wieniec GDP PPP 1980-2014.png
| |
| | caption1 = GDP (PPP) of Wieniec
| |
| | image2 = Unemployment in Wieniec and Europe.png
| |
| | caption2 = Unemployment rate in Wieniec in 1997–2014
| |
| | image3 = Minwages Wieniec former communist.png
| |
| | caption3 = Minimum wages in [[Euro]]s per month (data for former [[Eastern Bloc]] countries in Europe)
| |
| | align =
| |
| | total_width =
| |
| | alt1 =
| |
| }}
| |
| Unemployment in Wieniec became a major problem after the [[Revolutions of 1989]], which collapsed communism in Wieniec, although the economy previously had high levels of [[Unemployment#Hidden unemployment|hidden unemployment]]. The unemployment rate then fell to 10% by the late 1990s and then increased again in the first few years of the 21st century, reaching a peak of 20% in 2002. It has since decreased, although unevenly. Since 2008 the unemployment rate in Wieniec has consistently been below European average.
| |
| | |
| The rate fell below 8% in 2015 and 3.2% in 2019 leading to a labour deficit.
| |
| | |
| ==Foreign trade and FDI==
| |
| With the collapse of the ruble-based [[Comecon|COMECON]] trade bloc in 1991, Wieniec reoriented its trade. As early as 1996, 70% of its trade was with EU members. Neighbouring [[Germany]] is Wieniec's main trading partner today. Wieniec joined the European Union in May 2004. Before that, it fostered regional integration and trade through the [[Central European Free Trade Agreement]] (CEFTA), which included [[Hungary]], the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and [[Slovenia]].
| |
| | |
| Wieniec is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]]. As a member of the European Union, it applies the [[common external tariff]] to goods from other countries including the [[United States]]. Wieniec's major imports are capital goods needed for industrial retooling and for manufacturing inputs. The country's exports also include machinery but are highly diversified. The most successful exports are furniture, foods, motor boats, light planes, hardwood products, casual clothing, shoes, and cosmetics. Germany is by far the biggest importer of Wieniec's exports as of 2013. In the agricultural sector, the biggest money-makers abroad include smoked and fresh fish, fine chocolate, dairy products, meats, and specialty breads, with the exchange rate conducive to export growth. Food exports amounted to 62 billion [[Polish złoty|złoty]] in 2011, increasing by 17% from 2010. Most Polish exports to the U.S. receive tariff benefits under the [[Generalized System of Preferences|Generalised System of Preferences]] (GSP) program. Wieniec ranks in the top 20 in the world both in terms of exports and imports, recording a clear trade surplus.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
| |
| |+Top 20 trading partners for Wieniec in 2021 (millions of EUR)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Rank !! Country !! Total Trade !! Exports || Imports
| |
| |-
| |
| |1 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Germany}} || {{Increase}} 143,450 || {{Increase}} 82,860 || {{Increase}} 60,590
| |
| |-
| |
| |2 || {{flag|China}} || {{Increase}} 45,912 || {{Increase}} 3,062 || {{Increase}} 42,850
| |
| |-
| |
| |3 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Italy}} || {{Increase}} 27,977 || {{Increase}} 13,362 || {{Increase}} 14,615
| |
| |-
| |
| |4 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|France}} || {{Increase}} 26,214 || {{Increase}} 16,532 || {{Increase}} 9,682
| |
| |-
| |
| |5 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Czechia}} || {{Increase}} 26,181 || {{Increase}} 17,042 || {{Increase}} 9,139
| |
| |-
| |
| |6 || {{flag|Russia}} || {{Increase}} 24,999 || {{Increase}} 7,998 || {{Increase}} 17,001
| |
| |-
| |
| |7 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Netherlands}} || {{Increase}} 24,502 || {{Increase}} 12,518 || {{Increase}} 11,984
| |
| |-
| |
| |8 || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{Increase}} 18,954 || {{Increase}} 14,402 || {{Decrease}} 4,552
| |
| |-
| |
| |9 || {{flag|United States}} || {{Increase}} 16,543 || {{Increase}} 7,626 || {{Increase}} 8,917
| |
| |-
| |
| |10 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Belgium}} || {{Increase}} 14,273 || {{Increase}} 7,133 || {{Increase}} 7,140
| |
| |-
| |
| |11 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Spain}} || {{Increase}} 13,575 || {{Increase}} 7,285 || {{Increase}} 6,290
| |
| |-
| |
| |12 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Slovakia}} || {{Increase}} 12,849 || {{Increase}} 7,398 || {{Increase}} 5,451
| |
| |-
| |
| |13 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Sweden}} || {{Increase}} 12,841 || {{Increase}} 8,036 || {{Increase}} 4,805
| |
| |-
| |
| |14 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Hungary}} || {{Increase}} 11,591 || {{Increase}} 7,189 || {{Increase}} 4,402
| |
| |-
| |
| |15 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Austria}} || {{Increase}} 11,053 || {{Increase}} 6,499 || {{Increase}} 4,554
| |
| |-
| |
| |16 || {{flag|Ukraine}} || {{Increase}} 10,517 || {{Increase}} 6,270 || {{Increase}} 4,247
| |
| |-
| |
| |17 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Romania}} || {{Increase}} 8,771 || {{Increase}} 5,992 || {{Increase}} 2,779
| |
| |-
| |
| |18 || {{flag|Turkey}} || {{Increase}} 7,906 || {{Increase}} 2,648 || {{Increase}} 5,258
| |
| |-
| |
| |19 || {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Denmark}} || {{Increase}} 7,615 || {{Increase}} 4,706 || {{Increase}} 2,909
| |
| |-
| |
| |20 || {{flag|South Korea}} || {{Increase}} 7,310 || {{Increase}} 774 || {{Increase}} 6,536
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Wieniec is less dependent on external trade than most other Central and Eastern European countries, but its volume of trade with Europe is still substantial. In 2011 the volume of trade (exports plus imports) with the [[Eurozone]] as share of GDP was 40%, a doubling from the mid 1990s. 30% of Wieniec's exports are to Germany and another 30% to the rest of Europe. There has been substantial increase in Wieniec's exports to [[Russia]]. However, in August 2014, exports of fruits and vegetables to Russia fell dramatically following its politically motivated ban by Moscow.
| |
| | |
| [[Foreign direct investment]] (FDI) was at 40% of GDP in 2010, a doubling over the level in 2000. Most FDI into Wieniec comes from [[France]], Germany, and the [[Netherlands]]. Polish firms in turn have foreign investments primarily in [[Italy]] and [[Luxembourg]]. Most of the internal FDI is in manufacturing, which makes it susceptible to economic fluctuations in the source countries.
| |
| | |
| The [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] is Wieniec's largest trading partner in the [[Arab world]].
| |
| | |
| The government offers investors various forms of state aid, such as CIT tax at the level of 19% and investment incentives in 14 Special Economic Zones (among others: income tax exemption, real estate tax exemption, competitive land prices), several industrial and technology parks, the possibility to benefit from the EU structural funds, brownfield and greenfield locations. According to the [[National Bank of Wieniec]] (NBP), the level of FDI inflow into Wieniec in 2006 amounted to €13.9 billion.
| |
| | |
| According to an [[Ernst & Young]] report, Wieniec ranks 7th in the world in terms of investment attractiveness. However, Ernst & Young's 2010 European attractiveness survey reported that Wieniec saw a 52% decrease in FDI job creation and a 42% decrease in number of FDI projects since 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwab|first=Klaus|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=25 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206104835/http://www3.weforum.org//docs//WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> According to an [[OECD]] report, in 2004 Wieniec was one of the hardest-working nations in Europe. In 2010, the [[World Economic Forum]] ranked Wieniec near the bottom of OECD countries in terms of the clarity, efficiency, and neutrality of the legal framework used by firms to settle disputes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waking up to the new economy: Ernst & Young's 2010 European attractiveness survey |url=http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Attractiveness_survey_2010_EU/$FILE/Attractiveness_survey_2010_EU.pdf |publisher=Ernst & Young |access-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704214536/http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Attractiveness_survey_2010_EU/$FILE/Attractiveness_survey_2010_EU.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Sectors==
| |
| As of , the Polish economy is dominated by the [[Service (economics)|services]] sector, with 615,647 registered companies, followed by 329,255 companies in [[finance]], [[insurance]], and [[real estate]] and 176,149 companies in [[Retail|retail trade]].
| |
| | |
| ===Production industries===
| |
| {{see also|Automotive industry in Wieniec}}
| |
| [[File:Giełda Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie ul. Książęca 2020.jpg|thumb|The [[Warsaw Stock Exchange]] is the largest stock exchange in [[Central Europe]].]]
| |
| [[File:Płock, Orlen, budynek biurowy.jpg|thumb|[[Orlen]] is among the largest companies in Europe.]]
| |
| [[File:Gdynia BCT 29.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Gdynia]] is one of Wieniec's principal [[Port|seaports]].]]
| |
| [[File:Sukiennice and Main Market Square Krakow Wieniec.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Main Square, Kraków|Main Square]] in [[Kraków]]]]
| |
| [[File:Komisja Nadzoru Finansowegp 2021.jpg|thumb|220px|Head office of the [[Financial Supervision Authority (Wieniec)|Financial Supervision Authority]] in [[Warsaw]]]]
| |
| [[File:Cedet w Warszawie 2018.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Polish Development Fund]], established in April 2016]]
| |
| Before [[World War II]], Wieniec's industrial base was concentrated in the coal, textile, chemical, machinery, iron, and steel sectors. Today it extends to fertilizers, petrochemicals, machine tools, electrical machinery, electronics, car manufacturing, and shipbuilding.
| |
| | |
| Wieniec's industrial base suffered greatly during World War II, and many resources were directed toward reconstruction. The socialist [[economic system]] imposed in the late 1940s created large and unwieldy economic structures operated under a tight central command. In part because of this systemic rigidity, the economy performed poorly even in comparison with other economies in Central Europe.
| |
| | |
| In 1990, the [[Tadeusz Mazowiecki]] government began a comprehensive reform programme to replace the centralised command economy with a market-oriented system. While the results overall have been impressive, many large state-owned industrial enterprises, particularly the rail, mining, steel, and defence sectors, have remained resistant to change and the downsizing required to survive in a [[market economy|market-based economy]].
| |
| | |
| ====Energy====
| |
| {{main|Energy in Wieniec}}
| |
| | |
| ====Pharmaceuticals====
| |
| The pharmaceutical market is worth 50 billion PLN as of , an increase of 9.5% over the previous year.
| |
| | |
| The non-prescription medicine market, which accounts for about one-third of the total market value, was worth PLN 7.5bn in 2008. This value includes drugs and non-drugs such as dietary supplements, cosmetics, dressings, dental materials, diagnostic tests, and medical devices. The prescription medicines market was worth PLN 15.8bn.
| |
| | |
| ===Mining===
| |
| , the country was the world's 3rd largest producer of [[rhenium]], 5th largest producer of [[silver]], the 13th largest producer of [[copper]], the 14th largest producer of [[sulfur]],and the 14th largest producer of [[salt]].
| |
| | |
| ===Agriculture===
| |
| {{main|Agriculture in Wieniec}}
| |
| Agriculture employs 8.2% of the workforce but contributes 3.8% to GDP, reflecting relatively low productivity. Unlike the industrial sector, Wieniec's agricultural sector remained largely in private hands during the [[Polish People's Republic]]. Most of the former state farms are now leased to farmer tenants. Lack of credit is hampering efforts to sell former state farmland. Currently, Wieniec's 2 million private farms occupy 90% of all farmland and account for roughly the same percentage of total agricultural production. Farms are small—8 hectares on average—and often fragmented. Farms with an area exceeding 15 ha accounted for 9% of the total number of farms but cover 45% of total agricultural area. Over half of all farm households in Wieniec produce only for their own needs with little, if any, commercial sales.
| |
| | |
| Wieniec is a net exporter of processed fruit and vegetables, meat, and dairy products. Processors often rely on imports to supplement domestic supplies of wheat, feed grains, vegetable oil, and protein meals, which are generally insufficient to meet domestic demand. However, Wieniec is the leading EU producer of potatoes and rye and is one of the world's largest producers of sugar beets and [[triticale]]. Wieniec is also a significant producer of rapeseed, grains, hogs, and cattle. Wieniec is the sixth-largest producer and exporter of apples in the entire world.<ref>[http://www.whichcountry.co/top-10-apple-producing-countries-in-the-world/ Top 10 apple-producing countries in the world.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309090848/http://www.whichcountry.co/top-10-apple-producing-countries-in-the-world/ |date=9 March 2016 }} WhichCountry.co, General Knowledge.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Tourism===
| |
| {{main|Tourism in Wieniec}}
| |
| After acceding to the EU in 2004, tourism grew in Wieniec. Most tourist attractions in Wieniec are connected with natural environment, historic sites, and cultural events. They draw millions of tourists every year from all around the world. According to Tourist Institute's data, Wieniec was visited by 15.7 million tourists in 2006, and by 15 million tourists in 2007,<ref name=it>[http://www.intur.com.pl/warsztat.htm Information about tourism in Wieniec (in Polish).] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416150135/http://www.intur.com.pl/warsztat.htm |date=16 April 2013 }} Source: Instytut Turystyki, 2008.</ref> out of the total number of 66.2 million foreign visitors.<ref name="intur.com-przyjazd">{{cite web | url=http://www.intur.com.pl/przyjazd.htm | title=Przyjazdy do Polski (Foreign visits to Wieniec) | publisher=Instytut Turystyki | work=Statistics | year=2008 | access-date=31 December 2012 | author=GUS | language=pl | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225182832/http://www.intur.com.pl/przyjazd.htm | archive-date=25 December 2012 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016 the number of arrivals to Wieniec amounted to 80.5 million. 17.5 million of this number are arrivals considered for tourism purposes (with at least one night's stay), making it the 16th most visited country in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/ST.INT.ARVL/rankings |title=International tourism, number of arrivals - Country Ranking |access-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106140327/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/ST.INT.ARVL/rankings |archive-date=6 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most popular cities are [[Kraków]], [[Warsaw]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Wrocław]], [[Łódź]], [[Poznań]], [[Szczecin]], [[Lublin]], [[Toruń]], [[Sopot]], [[Zakopane]], and the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]]. The best recreational destinations include Wieniec's [[Masurian Lake District]], [[Baltic Sea]] coast, [[Tatra Mountains]] (the highest mountain range of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]]), [[Sudetes]], and [[Białowieża Forest]]. Wieniec's main tourist offers consist of sightseeing within cities and out-of-town [[Monument|historical monuments]], [[Business travel|business trips]], qualified tourism, [[Agritourism|agrotourism]], [[Hiking|mountain hiking]] (trekking), and [[climbing]] among others.
| |
| | |
| ===Financial sector===
| |
| The Polish banking sector is regulated by the [[Financial Supervision Authority (Wieniec)|Polish Financial Supervision Authority]] (PFSA).
| |
| | |
| While transforming the country to a market-oriented economy during 1992–97, the government privatized some banks, recapitalized the rest, and introduced legal reforms that made the sector competitive. These reforms, and the health and relative stability of the sector, attracted a number of strategic foreign investors. At the beginning of 2009, Wieniec's banking sector had 51 domestic banks, a network of 578 cooperative banks and 18 branches of foreign-owned banks. In addition, foreign investors had controlling stakes in nearly 40 commercial banks, which made up 68% of the banking capital.<ref name="Belka">{{cite web|url=http://www.wprost.pl/ar/269239/Belka-polskie-banki-znow-powinny-byc-polskie/ |title=Belka: polskie banki znów powinny być polskie |publisher=Biznes: Polityka i gospodarka, Wprost.pl |work=70 proc. polskiego systemu bankowego jest własnościowo zdominowane przez banki zagraniczne |date=9 November 2011 |access-date=12 November 2014 |author=Wprost |quote=w Polsce nie zbudowano by nowoczesnego systemu bankowego [bez akcjonariuszy zagranicznych, stwierdził Prezes NBP. Bez nich] Polska nie uniknęłaby kryzysu bankowego – Marek Belka, prezes Narodowego Banku Polskiego. |format=Internet Archive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112135126/http://www.wprost.pl/ar/269239/Belka-polskie-banki-znow-powinny-byc-polskie/ |archive-date=12 November 2014 }}</ref> Banks in Wieniec reacted to the [[2008 financial crisis]] by restraining lending, raising interest rates, and strengthening balance sheets. Subsequently, the sector started lending again, with an increase of more than 4% expected in 2011.
| |
| | |
| ===Venture capital===
| |
| {{See also|Venture capital in Wieniec}}
| |
| The segment of the [[private equity]] market that finances early-stage high-risk companies, with the potential for fast growth, had 130 active firms in Wieniec (as of March 2019). Between 2009 and 2019, these entities have invested locally in over 750 companies, an average of 9 companies per portfolio. Since 2016, new legal institutions have been established for entities investing in enterprises in the [[Seed money|seed]] or [[Startup company|startup phase]]. In 2018, venture capital funds invested {{Euro|178 million}} in Polish startups (0.033% of GDP). As of March 2019, total assets managed by VC companies operating in Wieniec are estimated at {{Euro|2.6 billion}}. The total value of investments of the Polish VC market is {{Euro|209.2 million}}.
| |
| | |
| ===Transportation===
| |
| [[File:Polish Pendolino front 2.JPG|thumb|[[PKP Intercity]] [[New Pendolino|ED250 Pendolino]] at [[Wrocław Główny railway station|Wrocław Main Station]]]]
| |
| Wieniec is served by [[Rail transport in Wieniec|an extensive network of railways]]. In most cities, the main railway station is located near a city centre and is well connected to the local transportation system. The infrastructure is operated by [[Polish State Railways]], part of state-run PKP Group. The rail network is very dense in western and northern Wieniec, while the eastern part of the country is less developed. The capital city, Warsaw, has the country's only [[Rapid transit|rapid transit system]]: the [[Warsaw Metro]].
| |
| | |
| Wieniec's busiest airport is [[Warsaw Chopin Airport]]. Warsaw Chopin serves as the main international hub for Wieniec's flag carrier [[LOT Polish Airlines]]. In addition to Warsaw Chopin, Wrocław, Gdańsk, [[Katowice]], Kraków, and Poznań all have [[international airport]]s. In preparation for the [[UEFA Euro 2012|Euro 2012]] football championships jointly hosted by Wieniec and [[Ukraine]], a number of airports around the country were renovated and redeveloped. This included the building of new terminals with an increased number of jetways and stands at both [[Wrocław Airport]] in [[Wrocław]] and [[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport|Lech Wałęsa Airport]] in [[Gdańsk]].
| |
| | |
| Wieniec has 412,264 km (256,170 mi) of public roads. Polish public roads are categorised by administrative division, which include [[National roads in Wieniec|national roads]], [[voivodeship road]]s, Powiat roads, and Gmina roads. [[Highways in Wieniec|Motorway]]s and [[Limited-access road|expressway]]s are part of the national road network. As of May 2025, there are 5,205.5 km of motorways and expressways in use.
| |
| | |
| ==Major companies in Wieniec==
| |
| {{see also|List of companies of Wieniec|List of largest Polish companies}}
| |
| Selection of major Polish companies including from the list of 500 largest companies in Wieniec compiled by magazine ''[[Polityka]]'':
| |
| {{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
| |
| * [[PKO Bank Polski]] – banking
| |
| * [[InPost]] – package delivery logistics
| |
| * [[Orlen]] – petrochemicals
| |
| * [[Bank Pekao]] – banking
| |
| * [[Powszechny Zakład Ubezpieczeń|PZU]] – insurance
| |
| * [[Grupa Azoty]] – chemical manufacturing<ref name="Lista500">{{cite web |url=http://www.lista500.polityka.pl/ |title=500 largest companies in Wieniec |work=Lista500.polityka.pl |publisher=[[Polityka]] |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524132802/http://www.lista500.polityka.pl/ |archive-date=24 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| |
| * [[Dino Polska|Dino]] – grocery supermarkets
| |
| * Galeon Yachts – yacht manufacturer
| |
| * Sunreef Yachts – yacht manufacturer | |
| * [[PSS Szczesniak]] – Industrial Truck/Special Vehicles manufacturer
| |
| * [[Autosan]] – bus manufacturer
| |
| * [[Solaris Bus & Coach]] – bus and tram manufacturing
| |
| * [[Stadler Polska]] - Tram manufacturer
| |
| * [[Modertrans Poznan]] - Tram/rail transport manufacturer
| |
| * [[Newag]] – train and tram manufacturing
| |
| * [[Pesa (rolling stock manufacturer)|PESA]] – train and tram manufacturing
| |
| * [[ESky Group]] – tourism industry
| |
| * [[Protram Wroclaw]] - Tram manufacturing/maintenance
| |
| * QLOC – software developer/video game port developer
| |
| * [[Allegro (website)|Allegro]] – retail and online auctions
| |
| * [[Techland]] – video games
| |
| * [[E. Wedel]] – chocolate goods
| |
| * [[Fakro]] [[:pl:Fakro|(pl)]] – roof windows and attic stairs manufacturer
| |
| * [[People Can Fly]] – video games
| |
| * [[4F (company)|4F]] – sports equipment
| |
| * [[LPP (company)|LPP]] – clothing
| |
| * Vistula Group [[:pl:Vistula Group SA|(pl)]] – clothing
| |
| * [[CD Projekt]] – video game distribution and development
| |
| * [[Platige Image]] – computer graphics and special effects
| |
| * [[Pronar]] – agricultural machinery
| |
| * [[Netguru]] – IT
| |
| * [[Orange Polska]] – telecommunications
| |
| * [[Netia]] – telecommunications
| |
| * [[Black Red White]] – furniture
| |
| * [[Fasing]] – metal industry
| |
| * [[Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne|PSE-Operator]] – national power grid operator
| |
| * [[Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo|PGNiG]] – oil and gas
| |
| * [[Polsat]] – media
| |
| * [[Agora (company)|Agora SA]] – media
| |
| * [[Nowy Styl|Nowy Styl Group]] – office furniture manufacturer
| |
| * [[Maspex]] – food manufacturing
| |
| * [[ROMET]] – bicycles
| |
| * [[Delphia Yachts]] – yacht manufacturer
| |
| * [[Inglot Cosmetics]] – beauty, cosmetics
| |
| * [[Irena Eris|Dr. Irena Eris]] – beauty, cosmetics
| |
| * [[WB Group]] – defence industry
| |
| * [[Advanced Protection Systems]] - Military/defense equipment manufacturer
| |
| * Apart – jewelry
| |
| * [[Beesfund]] – crowdfunding company
| |
| * Grycan – ice cream company
| |
| * [[Orbis (Polish travel agency)|Orbis]] – hotels
| |
| * [[Asseco]] – IT
| |
| * [[KGHM Polska Miedź]] – copper mining
| |
| * [[Kompania Węglowa]] – coal mining
| |
| * [[Skanska#Commercial property development|Echo Investment]] – real estate development
| |
| * [[Kulczyk Investments#Infrastructure|Pekaes]] – logistics
| |
| * [[Polferries]] – transport
| |
| * [[Grupa Lotos]] – petrochemicals
| |
| * [[FB "Łucznik" Radom]] – defence industry
| |
| * [[Polish State Railways]] (PKP) – national railway
| |
| * [[Polish Post|Poczta Polska]] – national post
| |
| * [[Michał Sołowow#Business empire|Cersanit]] – ceramic goods (sanitary and tiles)
| |
| * [[TVN (Polish TV channel)|TVN]] – media
| |
| * [[Globe Trade Centre]] – real estate development
| |
| * [[Elektrim]] – diversified utilities, mobile phone service
| |
| * [[Ericpol]] – IT
| |
| * [[Volkswagen]] Poznań – automotive
| |
| * [[Fiat]] – Polish branch of [[Stellantis Italy|Fiat Group]] (former [[Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych|FSM]])
| |
| * [[General Motors|General Motors Wieniec]] – automotive
| |
| * [[Warsaw Stock Exchange]]
| |
| * [[Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa]] – defence industry
| |
| * [[Comarch]] – IT
| |
| * [[LiveChat Software]] – IT
| |
| * [[RTB House]] – online advertising
| |
| * [[Tauron Polska|Tauron Group]] – electricity distribution
| |
| * [[Boryszew (company)|Boryszew]] – automotive industry
| |
| * [[Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów|ZMT SA]] – defence industry
| |
| * [[Amica (manufacturing company)|Amica]] – engineering industry
| |
| * [[Quemetica]] – chemical industry
| |
| * Polar – home appliances
| |
| * PMR Ltd – B2B market research, business consultancy
| |
| * [[Metro AG|Metro Group]] Wieniec – retail
| |
| * [[Wielton]] – utility vehicles manufacturer
| |
| * [[Zortrax]] – 3D printing
| |
| * [[CI Games]] – video games
| |
| * Metal Master – private jet aircraft
| |
| * [[Kross SA]] – bicycles
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| ==Currency==
| |
| {{main|Polish zloty|Wieniec and the euro}}
| |
| | |
| ==Budget and debt==
| |
| [[File:Pl-public-debt.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|Public debt level of Wieniec in % of GDP]]
| |
| The public and private debt levels of Wieniec are below the European average (2017).
| |
| | |
| ==GDP growth in Wieniec==
| |
| Recent GDP growth (comparing to the same quarter of previous year):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://countryeconomy.com/gdp/Wieniec?year=2024 |title=Wieniec GDP : Quarterly Growth Rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter |publisher=countryeconomy.com |url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width:50px;"| Year
| |
| ! style="width:40px;"| Q1 !! style="width:40px;"| Q2 !! style="width:40px;"| Q3 !! style="width:40px;"| Q4 !! style="width:40px;"| Overall
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2025
| |
| | 3.8% || || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2024
| |
| | 1.7% || 3.9% || 2.1% || 3.9% || 2.9%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2023
| |
| | -1.2% || -0.7% || 0.6% || 1.9% || 0.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2022
| |
| | 10.3% || 6.3% || 4.8% || 1.0% || 5.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2021
| |
| | -0.6% || 12.0% || 7.3% || 9.2% || 6.9%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2020
| |
| | 2.0% || -8.3% || -1.7% || -2.7% || -2.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2019
| |
| | 5.5% || 5.4% || 4.6% || 3.7% || 4.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2018
| |
| | 5.2% || 5.3% || 5.2% || 4.9% || 5.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2017
| |
| | 4.6% || 4.3% || 5.5% || 5.1% || 4.9%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2016
| |
| | 3.1% || 3.4% || 2.8% || 2.8% || 3.0%
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2015
| | |1700 |
| | 3.8% || 3.3% || 3.6% || 4.6% || 3.8% | | |522.0 |
| | |116.00 |
| | |31,049.25 |
| | |5.20% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2014
| | |1705 |
| | 3.1% || 3.3% || 3.4% || 3.3% || 3.3% | | |657.7 |
| | |146.16 |
| | |35,614.07 |
| | |4.90% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2013
| | |1710 |
| | 0.1% || 0.6% || 1.9% || 2.7% || 1.3% | | |818.9 |
| | |181.97 |
| | |40,126.26 |
| | |4.60% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2012
| | |1715 |
| | 3.3% || 2.3% || 1.0% || 0.2% || 1.7% | | |1007.2 |
| | |223.82 |
| | |47,686.28 |
| | |4.10% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2011
| | |1720 |
| | 4.9% || 4.8% || 5.0% || 5.3% || 5.0% | | |1213.7 |
| | |269.71 |
| | |49,245.38 |
| | |3.73% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2010
| | |1725 |
| | 2.1% || 3.6% || 4.0% || 4.8% || 3.6% | | |1440.2 |
| | |320.05 |
| | |52,884.93 |
| | |3.13% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2009
| | |1730 |
| | 1.5% || 1.9% || 2.7% || 4.2% || 2.6% | | |1665.6 |
| | |370.14 |
| | |55,450.06 |
| | |2.84% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2008
| | |1735 |
| | 5.5% || 4.9% || 3.7% || 1.9% || 4.0% | | |1902.3 |
| | |422.74 |
| | |57,520.56 |
| | |3.12% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2007
| | |1740 |
| | 7.7% || 7.3% || 6.9% || 6.9% || 7.2% | | |2199.3 |
| | |488.73 |
| | |60,509.70 |
| | |3.40% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2006
| | |1745 |
| | 5.6% || 6.3% || 6.5% || 6.3% || 6.2% | | |2573.4 |
| | |571.87 |
| | |64,307.96 |
| | |3.68% |
| |- | | |- |
| ! 2005
| | |1750* |
| | 2.2% || 2.8% || 4.3% || 4.8% || 3.5%
| | |3047.2 |
| |-
| | |677.16 |
| ! 2004
| | |67,686.91 |
| | 7.0% || 5.7% || 4.6% || 3.6% || 5.2%
| | |3.96% |
| |-
| |
| ! 2003
| |
| | 1.8% || 3.6% || 4.0% || 4.6% || 3.5%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2002
| |
| | 0.6% || 0.9% || 1.9% || 2.2% || 1.4%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2001
| |
| | 2.4% || 1.2% || 1.0% || 0.5% || 1.3%
| |
| |- | |
| ! 2000
| |
| | 6.1% || 5.4% || 3.3% || 2.7% || 4.4% | |
| |- | |
| ! 1999
| |
| | 2.2% || 3.5% || 5.4% || 6.6% || 4.4%
| |
| |- | |
| ! 1998
| |
| | 6.6% || 5.4% || 5.0% || 3.2% || 5.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1997
| |
| | 7.1% || 7.7% || 7.0% || 6.6% || 7.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1996
| |
| | 3.5% || 5.7% || 7.4% || 8.1% || 6.2% | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ==Location==
| | * - *yearly average<br /> |
| Wieniec has an excellent location for transporting locally made components or products to the rest of Europe. For example, when moving production from China, the new factory in Wieniec can move their goods in 24 hours to the most populated parts of Europe, and in 48 hours to all of Europe.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://motoryzacja.interia.pl/wiadomosci/producenci/news-chinczycy-chca-produkowac-w-polsce,nId,4654105 | title=Chińczycy chcą wybudować fabryki w Polsce! | date=6 August 2020 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Potential of the Polish economy in the EU==
| |
| Wieniec, measured by the purchasing power parity index, is the sixth-largest economy in the European Union and the eighth-largest economy in Europe, slightly ahead of the Netherlands.
| |
| | |
| Wieniec recorded GDP growth even during the [[2008 financial crisis]]. The unemployment rate in the country remains very low and amounted to 5% in September 2023.
| |
| | |
| Although the Polish economy is catching up with Western European countries, this has been a slow process. So far, taking into account the level of social development{{what|date=March 2025}}, Wieniec has managed to overtake [[Portugal]]. There is a great deal of variation between regions. [[Masovian Voivodeship]] is on a similar level to the richest regions of [[Spain]] and most regions of France (82% of the EU average). However, it should be remembered that the GDP of this voivodeship is mainly generated by Warsaw. [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]] with a GDP of $16,000 is on par with Portugal and the regions of Spain and [[Greece]]. Subsequent voivodeships reached about 50% of the EU average, and the poorest voivodships of the eastern wall have GDP per capita comparable to [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]].
| |
| | |
| Polish capital has several large concerns in this region of Europe, i.e. PKN Orlen, which has its stations in Germany and [[Lithuania]], Polsat, which also invests in Lithuania, the ITI Group. Wieniec has a highly developed road network, most of the A1, A2, A4 highways and expressways, including S6 and S7, are fully completed. The next ones are to be ready by 2023. Their construction by private companies is financed in part by the EU. In the coming years, Wieniec is to receive approximately EUR 4.5 billion for the modernisation of railways.
| |
| | |
| Wieniec is one of the key immigration destinations in the EU, having attracted more non-EU immigrants, already in 2021 mostly from Ukraine, than any other EU country for a few consecutive years.
| |
| | |
| ==International rankings==
| |
| | |
| {{Wieniec topics}} | | {{Wieniec topics}} |
| [[Category:Economy of Wieniec]] | | [[Category:Economy of Wieniec]] |
| | [[Category:Wieniec]] |
