Sanaman vocabulary: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
|| grammar || qe ||   || ''suffix:'' part, section, subdivision of the modified noun
|| grammar || qe ||   || ''suffix:'' part, section, subdivision of the modified noun
|-
|| grammar || kan ||   || ''suffix:'' Added to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of being (the adjective)", "the quality of being (the adjective)", or "the measure of being (the adjective)".
|-
|-
||   || sawa ||   || ''adjective:'' free, unchained, not in servitude, independent
||   || sawa ||   || ''adjective:'' free, unchained, not in servitude, independent
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|| direction || ate ||   || ''noun, adjective:'' west
|| direction || ate ||   || ''noun, adjective:'' west
|-
|-
|| geography || hareffa ||   || ''noun:'' island
|| geography || hareffa [ha'reθa] ||   || ''noun:'' island
|-
|-
|| geography || hareffina || '''Sa.''' ''hareffa'', island + ''ina'', half || ''noun:'' peninsula
|| geography || hareffina [ha'reθina] || '''Sa.''' ''hareffa'', island + ''ina'', half || ''noun:'' peninsula
|-
|-
|| colloquialism || tata ||   || ''noun:'' filth, dirt
|| colloquialism || tata ||   || ''noun:'' filth, dirt
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| abstract || peshë || || ''verb:'' die, cease to live
| abstract || peshë || || ''verb:'' die, cease to live
|-
|-
|| geography || ranti || || ''noun:'' beach, shore
|| geography || ranti || || ''noun:'' shore, often rocky or forested
|-
|-
|| direction || teta || || ''noun, adjective:'' south
|| direction || taha || From '''San.''' ''taxa'' sea || ''noun, adjective:'' south
|-
|-
|| geography || puri || || ''noun:'' harbour, port
|| geography || puri || || ''noun:'' harbour, port
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|| || axi || || ''adjective:'' new
|| || axi || || ''adjective:'' new
|-
|-
|| || pantera || '''Cis.''' ''bandiera'' || ''noun:'' flag
|| || pantera [pan'teɾa] || '''Cis.''' ''bandiera'' || ''noun:'' flag
|-
|-
|| || insenya || '''Cis.''' ''insegna'' || ''noun:'' ensign
|| || insenya [ɪn'senja] || '''Cis.''' ''insegna'' || ''noun:'' ensign
|-
|-
|| || sale || || ''noun:'' health, soundness
|| || sale || || ''noun:'' health, soundness
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|| || manso || '''Cis.''' ''manzo'' || ''noun:'' beef, meat from cattle
|| || manso || '''Cis.''' ''manzo'' || ''noun:'' beef, meat from cattle
|-
|-
|| || muton || '''Ist.''' ''mutton'' || ''noun:'' mutton, meat from sheep
|| || maton || '''Ist.''' ''mutton'' || ''noun:'' mutton, meat from sheep
|-
|-
|| || kalarra || || ''noun:'' fish
|| || kalarra || || ''noun:'' fish
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|| || whaso || || ''noun:'' bird
|| || whaso || || ''noun:'' bird
|-
|-
|| || inseto || '''Cis.''' ''insetto'' || ''noun:'' insect
|| || inseto [ɪn'seto] || '''Cis.''' ''insetto'' || ''noun:'' insect
|-
|-
|| || ffesun || || ''noun:'' animal, beast, non-human living being
|| || ffesun || || ''noun:'' animal, beast, non-human living being
|-
|-
|| || xo sale || '''San.''' ''xo'' much, plentiful + '''San.''' ''sale'' health || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Often pronounced ''xos''. Heavily promoted by Sani- and Ama-speaking cantons instead of Istvanistani expressions.
|| || xosale || '''San.''' ''xo'' much, plentiful + '''San.''' ''sale'' health || ''interj.'' greetings. Often pronounced ''xos''. Heavily promoted by Sani- and Ama-speaking cantons instead of Istvanistani expressions. Slightly formal.
|-
|-
|| || shaw || '''Cis.''' ciao || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Sometimes used in Amarra and by Ama speakers in majority Cisamarrese areas.
|| || shaw || '''Cis.''' ciao || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Sometimes used in Amarra and by Sanaman speakers in majority Cisamarrese areas.
|-
|-
|| || helo || '''Ist.''' hello || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Sometimes used in Sanilla and by Sani speakers in majority Istvanistani areas.
|| || helo || '''Ist.''' hello || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Sometimes used in Sanilla and by Sanaman speakers in majority Istvanistani areas.
|-
|-
|| || namake || '''Bab.''' ''namak'' salt || ''noun:'' semen
|| || namake || '''Bab.''' ''namak'' salt || ''noun:'' semen
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| geography || ixar || || ''noun:'' inlet, narrow bay
| geography || ixar || || ''noun:'' inlet, narrow bay
|-
|-
| direction || sirra || || ''noun, adjective:'' north
| direction || punta || From '''San.''' ''punto'' mountain || ''noun, adjective:'' north
|-
|-
| building || islus || '''Elw.''' ''islus'' sluice || ''noun:'' sluice, lock
| building || islus || '''Elw.''' ''islus'' sluice || ''noun:'' sluice, lock
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| direction || apishe || '''Cis.''' ''apice'' apex, peak, climax, top || ''noun:'' apex, top, peak
| direction || apishe || '''Cis.''' ''apice'' apex, peak, climax, top || ''noun:'' apex, top, peak
|-
|-
| || sawa || '''R. Laq.''' ''zaua'' fight, battle, war || ''noun:'' disagreement, conflict
| || sawa [sa'wa] || '''R. Laq.''' ''zaua'' fight, battle, war || ''noun:'' disagreement, conflict
|-
|-
| business || pangka || '''Cis.''' ''banca'' bank || ''noun:'' bank
| business || pangka || '''Cis.''' ''banca'' bank || ''noun:'' bank
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| grammar || -ya || || ''suffix:'' turns an abstract noun into an adjective
| grammar || -ya || || ''suffix:'' turns an abstract noun into an adjective
|-
|-
| || nasyon || '''Ist.''' ''nation'' || ''noun:'' nation
| || neyshën || '''Ist.''' ''nation'' || ''noun:'' nation
|-
|-
| || nasyonal || '''Ist.''' ''national'' || ''adj.:'' national
| || nashonal || '''Ist.''' ''national'' || ''adj.:'' national
|-
|-
| || llusan || '''San.''' ''llus'' discussion, ''an'' house || ''noun:'' assembly, council; often used for the traditional local tribal councils in Sanilla and Amarra. For foreign deliberative bodies, ''konselyo'' is used.
| || llusan || '''San.''' ''llus'' discussion, ''an'' house || ''noun:'' assembly, council; often used for the traditional local tribal councils in Sanilla and Amarra. For foreign deliberative bodies, ''konselyo'' is used.
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| || llusë || '''San.''' ''llus'' discussion, exchange of ideas || ''verb:'' to discuss, to exchange ideas.
| || llusë || '''San.''' ''llus'' discussion, exchange of ideas || ''verb:'' to discuss, to exchange ideas.
|-
|-
| || konselyo || '''Cis.''' ''consiglio'' || ''noun:'' council; see also ''llusan''.
| || konselyo [kon'seljo] || '''Cis.''' ''consiglio'' || ''noun:'' council; see also ''llusan''.
|-
|-
| grammar || -en || || ''suffix:'' turns a transitive verb into a noun.
| grammar || -en || || ''suffix:'' turns a transitive verb into a noun.
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| || rrumëti || '''San.''' ''rrumë'' state, '''San.''' ''-ti'' person of. || ''noun:'' citizen, national. '''Ex.:''' ''rrumëti Sanamali'', citizen of Sanama.
| || rrumëti || '''San.''' ''rrumë'' state, '''San.''' ''-ti'' person of. || ''noun:'' citizen, national. '''Ex.:''' ''rrumëti Sanamali'', citizen of Sanama.
|-
|-
| nature || qanë || '''Elw''' ''qanyr'' snowflake || ''noun:'' snow
| nature || qani || '''Elw''' ''qanyr'' snowflake || ''noun:'' snow
|-
|-
| geography || estorlla || '''Sto.''' ''Stormark'', '''San.''' ''-lla'' area belonging to || ''noun:'' Stormark
| geography || estorlla [e'stoɾ̥ɬa] || '''Sto.''' ''Stormark'', '''San.''' ''-lla'' area belonging to || ''noun:'' Stormark
|-
|-
| || estorti || '''San.''' ''estor(lla)'' Stormark, ''-ti'' person of || ''noun:'' 1. Storish person, 2. degenerate
| || estorti [e'stoɾtɪ] || '''San.''' ''estor(lla)'' Stormark, ''-ti'' person of || ''noun:'' 1. Storish person, 2. degenerate
|-
|-
| || estorya || '''San.''' ''estor(lla)'' Stormark, ''-ya'' turns noun into adjective || 1. ''adj.:'' Storish, 2. ''adj.:'' Morally corrupt, degenerated
| || estorya [e'stoɾja] || '''San.''' ''estor(lla)'' Stormark, ''-ya'' turns noun into adjective || 1. ''adj.:'' Storish, 2. ''adj.:'' Morally corrupt, degenerated
|-
|-
| number || nula || '''Cis.''' ''nulla'' zero || zero
| number || nula || '''Cis.''' ''nulla'' zero || zero
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| concept || kaye || || none, lack of something
| concept || kaye || || none, lack of something
|-
|-
| suffix || kaye || || lack of the modified word, like Ist. ''-less''
| suffix || -kaye || || lack of the modified word, like Ist. ''-less''
|-
|-
| prefix || lan || '''San.''' ''lan'' one || definite form, one unit of the noun
| prefix || lan- || '''San.''' ''lan'' one || definite form, one unit of the noun
|-
|-
| prefix || qul || '''San.''' ''qale'' many || undeterminate plural
| particle || qul || '''San.''' ''qale'' many || undeterminate plural
|-
|-
| || qale || || many, lots, several
| || qale || || many, lots, several
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| || miqale || || few
| || miqale || || few
|-
|-
| prefix || mi || || turns the modified word into its antonym
| prefix || mi- || || turns the modified word into its antonym
|-
|-
| animal || aso || || ''noun:'' dog; domesticated ''canis lupus familiaris''.
| animal || aso || || ''noun:'' dog; domesticated ''canis lupus familiaris''.
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|-
|-
| person || taxati || || ''noun:'' seaman, sailor
| person || taxati || || ''noun:'' seaman, sailor
|-
| physics || hangko || || ''noun:'' air, atmosphere
|-
| physics || hare || || ''noun:'' land, Micras surface
|-
| physics || rhayon || || ''noun:'' lightning bolt
|-
| physics || axarana [axa'ɾana] || || ''noun:'' shadow
|-
| grammar || -ye || || ''case:'' from
|-
| grammar || -lan || || ''case:'' to
|-
| || laxas || || ''noun:'' power, strength
|-
| || laxasya || '''San.''' ''laxas'': power, strength || ''adj.:'' powerful, strong
|-
| || terhi || || ''noun:'' quickness, speediness
|-
| || terhiya || '''San.''' ''terhi'': quickness, speediness || ''adj.:'' quick, speedy
|-
| || yenashë || || ''verb:'' to be loyal towards
|-
| || yenashen || || ''noun:'' loyalty
|-
| || katiwhë || || ''verb:'' to trust, to have faith in
|-
| || katiwhen || || ''noun:'' faithfulness, trustworthiness
|-
| || sumasë || || ''verb:'' to depend, to rely upon
|-
| || sumasen || || ''noun:'' dependability, reliability
|-
| || maheshanë || || ''verb:'' to support
|-
| || maheshanen || || ''noun:'' "supportability"
|-
| || maheshanenti || || ''noun:'' supporter
|-
| || esu || || ''noun:'' day (day traditionally starts at sundown)
|-
| || taxon || || ''noun:'' year
|-
| || puwha || || ''noun:'' month
|-
| || ling || || ''noun:'' week
|-
| animals || pupaw || || ''noun:'' pig, hog
|-
| animals || paka || || ''noun:'' cow
|-
| animals || kawlapa || || ''noun:'' carabao
|-
| animals || qaqatirri || || ''noun:'' bird endemic to Sanama
|-
| animals || putiki || || ''noun:'' lizard
|-
| animals || meheng || || ''noun:'' goat
|-
| animals || amerha || || ''noun:'' eagle
|-
| animals || mongko || || ''noun:'' mongoose
|-
| animals || piki || || ''noun:'' chicken
|-
| animals || yusha || || ''noun:'' deer
|-
| animals || posa || || ''noun:'' cat
|-
| animals || telhera || || ''noun:'' fish endemic to Sanaman lakes and rivers
|-
| animals || ihaw || || ''noun:'' donkey
|-
| animals || yuha || || ''noun:'' monkey
|-
| || mahalalë || || ''verb:'' to remember, to recall
|-
| || mahalalen || || ''noun:'' rememberance, recollection
|-
| grammar || -xelh || || ''suffix:'' suffix indicating the word is to an extreme extent
|-
| || kota || || ''noun:'' oar
|-
| || kosel || || ''noun:'' rudder, steering apparatus on a ship
|-
| || koslë || || ''verb:'' to steer
|-
| || koslhen || || ''noun:'' government, rulership
|-
| || sharamya || || ''adj.:'' popular (from people)
|-
| || koslhen sharamyapan || || ''noun:'' democracy
|-
| || koslhen sharamyaya || || ''adj.:'' democratic
|-
| || sim || || ''suffix:'' performer of a verb
|-
| || qukal || From Proto-Sanaman ''qukaleni'', "teeth"|| ''noun:'' ceremonial mace, fish-fork (archaic)
|-
| || qukalsim || || ''noun:'' chairperson, president of a committee, council leader, chieftain (archaic)
|-
| || ffel || || ''suffix:'' forms nouns denoting instrument from verb
|-
| || tawal || || ''noun:'' gathering; also a Sanaman community gathering or party
|-
| || tatawal || || ''noun:'' assembly, (political) party
|-
| || lanyita || || ''noun:'' union
|-
| suffix || -yita || || ''suffix:'' abstraction of noun
|-
| || peha || || ''noun:'' part, share
|-
| || pehati || From ''peha'', "part, share" and ''-ti'', "person" || ''noun:'' member
|-
| || orën || || ''noun:'' law, regulation
|-
| suffix || -ë || || ''suffix:'' turns word into verb
|-
| || sisikë || || ''verb:'' to stick to, to adhere, to conform to something, to enforce
|-
| || sisiken || || ''noun:'' adherence, conformity, enforcement
|-
| suffix || -xin, -ken, -ki || || ''suffix:'' derivation of nouns
|-
| || pepehaken || From ''peha'', "part, share" with reduplication and ''-ken'', derivation of nouns. || ''noun:'' department, section
|-
| || urqo || || ''noun:'' bull; male bovine
|-
| || haxal || || ''noun:'' lord, ruler; ruler serving under the ''xonuti''
|-
| || haxalla || || ''noun:'' lord's domain
|-
| || shuka || || ''noun:'' market
|-
| || shukako || || ''noun:'' marketplace, city
|-
| || qale || || ''interjection:'' thanks, thank you
|-
| || qaqale || duplication of first syllable in '''qale''', ''thanks'' || ''noun:'' many thanks
|-
| || maputi || From ''maha'', "time" and ''puti'', "good" || ''interjection:'' welcome
|-
| || lipi || Extension of meaning from ''lipi'', "hearth" || ''noun:'' family, kin, hearth
|-
| || pane || || ''adj:'' sandy beach
|-
| || tira || || ''noun:'' lowlands, fields
|-
| || korta || From Cisamarrese and Tellian ''corda'', see also Martino ''cuerda'' || ''noun:'' string, line
|-
| || parhkita || From Old Ama ''parikita'', from Old Praeta ''bairg- + -ida'', meaning "keep, fortress" || ''noun:'' castle, palace
|-
| || harunti || From Old Ama ''haruniti'', from Old Praeta ''airundi'', meaning "letter, written message" || ''noun:'' legal proclamation, for example of new legislation coming into effect
|-
| || erin || From Praeta ''Ærnn'', meaning "letter, written message", se also "harunti" || ''noun:'' letter, written note or message
|-
| || kalsho || From Cisamarrese ''calcio'', meaning "a kick, football" || ''noun:'' Association football <!--
|-
| || wisuran || From Praeta ''uiksuran'', meaning "a writing" || ''noun:'' court order, document issued by a court commanding -->
|}
|}


==Swadesh list==
==Swadesh list==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width=250 | Istvani
! width=250 | Istvanistani
! width=250 | Sani
! width=250 | Sanaman
! width=250 | Istvani
! width=250 | Istvanistani
! width=250 | Sani
! width=250 | Sanaman
|-
|-
| I || || breasts ||
| I || ako || breasts || qulyuma
|-
|-
| you || || heart ||
| you || ika || heart || kokorho
|-
|-
| we (inclusive) || || liver ||
| we (inclusive) || tayo || liver || yaffa
|-
|-
| this || || drink (verb) ||  
| this || to || drink (verb) || inë
|-
|-
| that || || eat (verb) ||  
| that || ya || eat (verb) || kayinë
|-
|-
| who? || || bite (verb) ||  
| who? || ffino || bite (verb) || kukatë
|-
|-
| what? || || see (verb) ||  
| what? || yano || see (verb) || matë
|-
|-
| not || || hear (verb) ||  
| not || kaye || hear (verb) || panë
|-
|-
| all (of a number) || || know (facts) ||  
| all (of a number) || telh || know (facts) || mamanë
|-
|-
| many || || sleep (verb) ||  
| many || qale || sleep (verb) || kamulë
|-
|-
| one || || die (verb) ||  
| one || lan || die (verb) || peshë
|-
|-
| two || || kill (verb) ||  
| two || furh || kill (verb) || puyë
|-
|-
| big || || swim (verb) ||  
| big || mala || swim (verb) || lukoyë
|-
|-
| long (not wide) || || fly (verb) ||
| long (not wide) || maten || fly (verb) || lupatë
|-
|-
| small || || walk (verb) ||
| small || kiti || walk (verb) || makë
|-
|-
| woman || || come (verb) ||  
| woman || nati || come (verb) || tulhë
|-
|-
| man (adult male human) || || lie (on side, recline) ||  
| man (adult male human) || leti || lie (on side, recline) || nulhë
|-
|-
| person (invididual human) || || sit (verb) ||  
| person (invididual human) || ti || sit (verb) || ayalë
|-
|-
| fish (noun) || || stand (verb) ||  
| fish (noun) || kalarha || stand (verb) || esatë
|-
|-
| bird || || give (verb) ||  
| bird || whaso || give (verb) || damë
|-
|-
| dog || || say (verb) ||  
| dog || asho || say (verb) || pixë
|-
|-
| louse || || sun ||  
| louse || titixa || sun || esas
|-
|-
| tree (not log) || || moon ||  
| tree (not log) || puno || moon || yoras
|-
|-
| seed (noun) || || star ||  
| seed (noun) || fini || star || shorh
|-
|-
| leaf (botanics) || || water (noun) ||  
| leaf (botanics) || taxo || water (noun) || tufi
|-
|-
| root (botanics) || || rain (noun) ||  
| root (botanics) || yukal || rain (noun) || yula
|-
|-
| bark (of tree) || || stone (noun) ||  
| bark (of tree) || tuman || stone (noun) || pato
|-
|-
| skin (person's) || || sand ||  
| skin (person's) || palarh || sand || sisa
|-
|-
| flesh (meat, flesh) || || earth (soil) ||  
| flesh (meat, flesh) || lhaman || earth (soil) || tulha
|-
|-
| blood || || cloud (not fog) ||  
| blood || tuxa || cloud (not fog) || yala
|-
|-
| bone || || smoke (noun, of fire) ||  
| bone || puto || smoke (noun, of fire) || yuso
|-
|-
| grease (fat, organic substance) || || fire ||  
| grease (fat, organic substance) || keris || fire || affoy
|-
|-
| egg || || ash(es) ||
| egg || oko || ash(es) || hanu
|-
|-
| horn (of bull etc.) || || burn (verb intr.) ||  
| horn (of bull etc.) || hela || burn (verb intr.) || sunë
|-
|-
| tail || || path (road, trail) ||  
| tail || punto || path (road, trail) || lanta
|-
|-
| feather (large, not down) || || mountain (not hill) ||  
| feather (large, not down) || palana || mountain (not hill) || punto
|-
|-
| hair (on head of humans) || || red (color) ||  
| hair (on head of humans) || lilina || red (color) || pula
|-
|-
| head (anatomic) || || green (color) ||  
| head (anatomic) || xonu || green (color) || lunti
|-
|-
| ear || || yellow (color) ||  
| ear || ngulo || yellow (color) || tilwha
|-
|-
| eye || || white (color) ||  
| eye || ala || white (color) || puti
|-
|-
| nose || || black (color) ||  
| nose || seno || black (color) || yoren
|-
|-
| mouth || || night ||  
| mouth || shef || night || yoru
|-
|-
| tooth (front, rather than molar) || || hot (adjective) ||  
| tooth (front, rather than molar) || kalin || hot (adjective) || affelh
|-
|-
| tongue (anatomical) || || cold (of weather) ||  
| tongue (anatomical) || tila || cold (of weather) || lamix
|-
|-
| claw || || full ||  
| claw || kuxo || full || puno
|-
|-
| foot (not leg) || || new ||
| foot (not leg) || paha || new || axi
|-
|-
| knee || || good ||  
| knee || tari || good || puti
|-
|-
| hand || || round ||  
| hand || rhinga || round || pilong
|-
|-
| belly (lower part of body, abdomen) || || dry (substance) ||  
| belly (lower part of body, abdomen) || pëko || dry (substance) || manin
|-
|-
| neck (not nape) || || name ||  
| neck (not nape) || kaxi || name || panga
|}
|}


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 18:55, 23 September 2025

Sanaman vocabulary

Most of the Sanaman vocabulary is Cosimo-Benacian in origin, but the language has also borrowed words, mostly from Cisamarrese, some from Laqi and more recently Istvanistani, Praeta and Babkhi. A standardised version of the Sanaman language, comprising influences from the Ama and Sani dialects, was formed in 1681.

Semantic Domain Word Etymology Definition
body xonu   noun: head, main
government xonuti   noun: traditional: king, leader, chieftain; modern: president
grammar ti   suffix: abstraction of noun to refer to a person
grammar lla   suffix: area belonging to the modified noun
grammar qe   suffix: part, section, subdivision of the modified noun
grammar kan   suffix: Added to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of being (the adjective)", "the quality of being (the adjective)", or "the measure of being (the adjective)".
  sawa   adjective: free, unchained, not in servitude, independent
government rrumë   noun: state, independent entity
grammar na   conjunction: and
government kosos Pr. Koïsoß, "Empire or a significant State, realm, domain, sphere" noun: empire
interjection oyá   interj.: hello, hi
color lunti   noun, adjective: green
structure ffaman   noun: garden, fenced or otherwise delimited area with controlled greenery
direction esa   noun, adjective: east
geology paharr   noun: spring, source of running water
direction ate   noun, adjective: west
geography hareffa [ha'reθa]   noun: island
geography hareffina [ha'reθina] Sa. hareffa, island + ina, half noun: peninsula
colloquialism tata   noun: filth, dirt
profanity tati Sa. tata, filth, dirt noun: originally a derogatory term for Sanis used by Istvani-speakers in and around Niyi. Now considered a racist slur, but used to that effect all over the country in certain circles.
abstract pesh adjective, noun: dead, death
abstract peshë verb: die, cease to live
geography ranti noun: shore, often rocky or forested
direction taha From San. taxa sea noun, adjective: south
geography puri noun: harbour, port
geography kara noun: river
axi adjective: new
pantera [pan'teɾa] Cis. bandiera noun: flag
insenya [ɪn'senja] Cis. insegna noun: ensign
sale noun: health, soundness
sale Cis. sale noun: salt
manso Cis. manzo noun: beef, meat from cattle
maton Ist. mutton noun: mutton, meat from sheep
kalarra noun: fish
whaso noun: bird
inseto [ɪn'seto] Cis. insetto noun: insect
ffesun noun: animal, beast, non-human living being
xosale San. xo much, plentiful + San. sale health interj. greetings. Often pronounced xos. Heavily promoted by Sani- and Ama-speaking cantons instead of Istvanistani expressions. Slightly formal.
shaw Cis. ciao interj. hello, hi. Sometimes used in Amarra and by Sanaman speakers in majority Cisamarrese areas.
helo Ist. hello interj. hello, hi. Sometimes used in Sanilla and by Sanaman speakers in majority Istvanistani areas.
namake Bab. namak salt noun: semen
narte Bab. nard nectar noun: vaginal fluids
geography ixar noun: inlet, narrow bay
direction punta From San. punto mountain noun, adjective: north
building islus Elw. islus sluice noun: sluice, lock
concept halin adj.: secure, safe
concept halimpan San. halin secure, safe noun: security, safety
grammar -pan suffix: turns an abstract adjective into a noun
direction apishe Cis. apice apex, peak, climax, top noun: apex, top, peak
sawa [sa'wa] R. Laq. zaua fight, battle, war noun: disagreement, conflict
business pangka Cis. banca bank noun: bank
grammar -li suffix: genitive, signifying the owner of the preceding noun phrase
grammar -ya suffix: turns an abstract noun into an adjective
neyshën Ist. nation noun: nation
nashonal Ist. national adj.: national
llusan San. llus discussion, an house noun: assembly, council; often used for the traditional local tribal councils in Sanilla and Amarra. For foreign deliberative bodies, konselyo is used.
llus noun: discussion, exchange of ideas; a mutual meaningful conversation.
llusë San. llus discussion, exchange of ideas verb: to discuss, to exchange ideas.
konselyo [kon'seljo] Cis. consiglio noun: council; see also llusan.
grammar -en suffix: turns a transitive verb into a noun.
structure an noun: house, built structure for human habitation.
grammar -ako suffix: place of, physical space belonging to the modified word. Contrasts with -lla in that -lla refers to a geographical area.
rrumëti San. rrumë state, San. -ti person of. noun: citizen, national. Ex.: rrumëti Sanamali, citizen of Sanama.
nature qani Elw qanyr snowflake noun: snow
geography estorlla [e'stoɾ̥ɬa] Sto. Stormark, San. -lla area belonging to noun: Stormark
estorti [e'stoɾtɪ] San. estor(lla) Stormark, -ti person of noun: 1. Storish person, 2. degenerate
estorya [e'stoɾja] San. estor(lla) Stormark, -ya turns noun into adjective 1. adj.: Storish, 2. adj.: Morally corrupt, degenerated
number nula Cis. nulla zero zero
number lan one
number furr two
number si three
number tiqa four
number palë five
number walana six
number iko seven
number sheya eight
number nakol nine
number papalë ten
number tipalë San. tiqa four, San. palë five; four fives twenty
number wapalë San. walana six, San. palë five; six fives thirty
number shepalë San. sheya eight, San. palë five; eight fives forty
number papapalë San. palë five, San. papalë ten; five tens fifty
number sesanta Cis. sessanta sixty sixty
number setanta Cis. settanta seventy seventy
number otanta Cis. ottanta eighty eighty
number nofanta Cis. novanta ninety ninety
number fuwapalë San. furr two, San. wapalë thirty; two thirties sixty
number fushepalina San. fushepalë eighty, San. ina half seventy
number fushepalë San. furr two, San. shepalë forty; two forties eighty
number patipalina San. patipalë hundred, San. ina half ninety
number patipalë San. palë five, San. tipalë twenty; five twenties hundred
number sento Cis. cento hundred hundred
concept kaye none, lack of something
suffix -kaye lack of the modified word, like Ist. -less
prefix lan- San. lan one definite form, one unit of the noun
particle qul San. qale many undeterminate plural
qale many, lots, several
miqale few
prefix mi- turns the modified word into its antonym
animal aso noun: dog; domesticated canis lupus familiaris.
uray noun: love, deep affection
uraya San. uray love (n) t. verb: to love, to have deep affection for something or someone.
urayya San. uray love (n) lovingly, affectionately
sharam people, ethnic group
structure pahay house, dwelling, establishment
food pikas rice
abstract nouns serhqal noun: theft, thievery
concept serhqalya adj.: stolen, taken
actions serhqalë t. verb: to steal, to take without permission
geography taxa noun: sea, ocean
person taxati noun: seaman, sailor
physics hangko noun: air, atmosphere
physics hare noun: land, Micras surface
physics rhayon noun: lightning bolt
physics axarana [axa'ɾana] noun: shadow
grammar -ye case: from
grammar -lan case: to
laxas noun: power, strength
laxasya San. laxas: power, strength adj.: powerful, strong
terhi noun: quickness, speediness
terhiya San. terhi: quickness, speediness adj.: quick, speedy
yenashë verb: to be loyal towards
yenashen noun: loyalty
katiwhë verb: to trust, to have faith in
katiwhen noun: faithfulness, trustworthiness
sumasë verb: to depend, to rely upon
sumasen noun: dependability, reliability
maheshanë verb: to support
maheshanen noun: "supportability"
maheshanenti noun: supporter
esu noun: day (day traditionally starts at sundown)
taxon noun: year
puwha noun: month
ling noun: week
animals pupaw noun: pig, hog
animals paka noun: cow
animals kawlapa noun: carabao
animals qaqatirri noun: bird endemic to Sanama
animals putiki noun: lizard
animals meheng noun: goat
animals amerha noun: eagle
animals mongko noun: mongoose
animals piki noun: chicken
animals yusha noun: deer
animals posa noun: cat
animals telhera noun: fish endemic to Sanaman lakes and rivers
animals ihaw noun: donkey
animals yuha noun: monkey
mahalalë verb: to remember, to recall
mahalalen noun: rememberance, recollection
grammar -xelh suffix: suffix indicating the word is to an extreme extent
kota noun: oar
kosel noun: rudder, steering apparatus on a ship
koslë verb: to steer
koslhen noun: government, rulership
sharamya adj.: popular (from people)
koslhen sharamyapan noun: democracy
koslhen sharamyaya adj.: democratic
sim suffix: performer of a verb
qukal From Proto-Sanaman qukaleni, "teeth" noun: ceremonial mace, fish-fork (archaic)
qukalsim noun: chairperson, president of a committee, council leader, chieftain (archaic)
ffel suffix: forms nouns denoting instrument from verb
tawal noun: gathering; also a Sanaman community gathering or party
tatawal noun: assembly, (political) party
lanyita noun: union
suffix -yita suffix: abstraction of noun
peha noun: part, share
pehati From peha, "part, share" and -ti, "person" noun: member
orën noun: law, regulation
suffix -ë suffix: turns word into verb
sisikë verb: to stick to, to adhere, to conform to something, to enforce
sisiken noun: adherence, conformity, enforcement
suffix -xin, -ken, -ki suffix: derivation of nouns
pepehaken From peha, "part, share" with reduplication and -ken, derivation of nouns. noun: department, section
urqo noun: bull; male bovine
haxal noun: lord, ruler; ruler serving under the xonuti
haxalla noun: lord's domain
shuka noun: market
shukako noun: marketplace, city
qale interjection: thanks, thank you
qaqale duplication of first syllable in qale, thanks noun: many thanks
maputi From maha, "time" and puti, "good" interjection: welcome
lipi Extension of meaning from lipi, "hearth" noun: family, kin, hearth
pane adj: sandy beach
tira noun: lowlands, fields
korta From Cisamarrese and Tellian corda, see also Martino cuerda noun: string, line
parhkita From Old Ama parikita, from Old Praeta bairg- + -ida, meaning "keep, fortress" noun: castle, palace
harunti From Old Ama haruniti, from Old Praeta airundi, meaning "letter, written message" noun: legal proclamation, for example of new legislation coming into effect
erin From Praeta Ærnn, meaning "letter, written message", se also "harunti" noun: letter, written note or message
kalsho From Cisamarrese calcio, meaning "a kick, football" noun: Association football

Swadesh list

Istvanistani Sanaman Istvanistani Sanaman
I ako breasts qulyuma
you ika heart kokorho
we (inclusive) tayo liver yaffa
this to drink (verb) inë
that ya eat (verb) kayinë
who? ffino bite (verb) kukatë
what? yano see (verb) matë
not kaye hear (verb) panë
all (of a number) telh know (facts) mamanë
many qale sleep (verb) kamulë
one lan die (verb) peshë
two furh kill (verb) puyë
big mala swim (verb) lukoyë
long (not wide) maten fly (verb) lupatë
small kiti walk (verb) makë
woman nati come (verb) tulhë
man (adult male human) leti lie (on side, recline) nulhë
person (invididual human) ti sit (verb) ayalë
fish (noun) kalarha stand (verb) esatë
bird whaso give (verb) damë
dog asho say (verb) pixë
louse titixa sun esas
tree (not log) puno moon yoras
seed (noun) fini star shorh
leaf (botanics) taxo water (noun) tufi
root (botanics) yukal rain (noun) yula
bark (of tree) tuman stone (noun) pato
skin (person's) palarh sand sisa
flesh (meat, flesh) lhaman earth (soil) tulha
blood tuxa cloud (not fog) yala
bone puto smoke (noun, of fire) yuso
grease (fat, organic substance) keris fire affoy
egg oko ash(es) hanu
horn (of bull etc.) hela burn (verb intr.) sunë
tail punto path (road, trail) lanta
feather (large, not down) palana mountain (not hill) punto
hair (on head of humans) lilina red (color) pula
head (anatomic) xonu green (color) lunti
ear ngulo yellow (color) tilwha
eye ala white (color) puti
nose seno black (color) yoren
mouth shef night yoru
tooth (front, rather than molar) kalin hot (adjective) affelh
tongue (anatomical) tila cold (of weather) lamix
claw kuxo full puno
foot (not leg) paha new axi
knee tari good puti
hand rhinga round pilong
belly (lower part of body, abdomen) pëko dry (substance) manin
neck (not nape) kaxi name panga
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