Consonants
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Labial
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Alveolar
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Postalveolar
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Alveolopalatal
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Retroflex
|
Velar
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Uvular
|
Pharyngeal
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Glottal
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| plain
|
lab.
|
plain
|
lab.
|
plain
|
lab.
|
plain
|
lab.
|
plain
|
lab.
|
plain
|
lab.
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| Nasal
|
m
|
n
|
|
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| Plosive
|
voiceless
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p
|
|
t
|
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|
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kʷ
|
q
|
qʷ
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ʔ
|
ʔʷ
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| voiced
|
b
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d
|
|
|
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|
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gʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ejective
|
p'
|
pʷ'
|
t'
|
tʷ'
|
|
|
|
|
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kʷ'
|
|
|
|
|
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| Affricate
|
voiceless
|
|
|
t͡s
|
t͡sʷ
|
t͡ʃ
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|
|
t͡ʂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| voiced
|
|
|
d͡z
|
d͡zʷ
|
d͡ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ejective
|
|
|
t͡s'
|
|
t͡ʃ'
|
|
|
t͡ʂ'
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
voiceless
|
f
|
|
s
|
ɬ
|
ʃ
|
ʃʷ
|
ɕ
|
ʂ
|
x
|
xʷ
|
χ
|
χʷ
|
ħ
|
|
|
| voiced
|
|
|
z
|
ɮ
|
ʒ
|
ʒʷ
|
ʑ
|
ʐ
|
ɣ
|
|
ʁ
|
ʁʷ
|
|
|
|
| ejective
|
|
|
|
ɬ'
|
ʃ'
|
ʃʷ'
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j
|
|
|
w
|
|
|
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|
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| Trill
|
|
|
r
|
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|
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Vowels
|
|
Central
|
| Close-mid
|
ə
|
| Open
|
a aː
|
Red Laqi's vowel system highly reduced, especially in comparison with its extensive consonant inventory. Correlations with related varieties suggests that the labialized consonants derive from ancestral Consonant-Back Vowel syllables, with the roundness converted into labialization. Similarly, the broad range of palatalized consonants derive from ancestral Consonant-Front Vowel syllables.
Depending on the subvariety, Red Laqi's three remaining vowel phonemes are either interpreted as above, two ranks in which there is a distinction between long and short in the Open rank, or as below, of three ranks.
|
|
Central
|
| Close-mid
|
ə
|
| Open-mid
|
ɜ
|
| Open
|
a
|
This latter interpretation is the source of Red Laqi's transcription style, despite the former interpretation reflecting a more common pronunciation as well as longstanding morphological patterns (i.e. two e vowels combining to form a).
Transcription
| Character
|
Phoneme
|
Examples
|
| A a
|
/aː/
|
aban "hole"
|
| B b
|
/b/
|
be "a lot (of)"
|
| C
|
C c
|
/t͡s/
|
cage "rib", cy "body hair"
|
| C° c°
|
/t͡sʷ/
|
c°y "ox"
|
| C' c'
|
/t͡s'/
|
c'yfy "person"
|
| Ć ć
|
/t͡ʃ/
|
ćefy "cheerful, pleased"
|
| Ć' ć'
|
/t͡ʃ'/
|
ć'ymafe "winter", ćase "late", ćyg°e "land"
|
| Ĉ ĉ
|
/t͡ʂ/
|
ĉy'e "cold"
|
| Ĉ' ĉ'
|
/t͡ʂ'/
|
ĉyfe "debt"
|
| D
|
D d
|
/d/
|
dedźe "bitter"
|
| Dz dz
|
/d͡z/
|
dzeue "bag", dze "combat, war"
|
| Dz° dz°
|
/d͡zʷ/
|
ḥandz°e "rick, 1.208 m3"
|
| Dź dź
|
/d͡ʒ/
|
dźane "dress, robe, shirt", łamydź "bridge"
|
| E e
|
/a/
|
'eneẑ, neneẑ "grandmother"
|
| F f
|
/f/
|
fyžy "white"
|
| G
|
G g
|
/ɣ/
|
gyć'yġ "laundry", ge "gonad"
|
| G° g°
|
/gʷ/
|
g°y "heart"
|
| Ġ ġ
|
/ʁ/
|
ġathe "spring", -ġe "-ity, -ness"
|
| Ġ° ġ°
|
/ʁʷ/
|
ġ°yneġ°y "neighbour"
|
| H
|
H h
|
/x/
|
-he "-s (plural marker)"
|
| Ḥ ḥ
|
/ħ/
|
ḥe "dog"
|
| I i
|
/j/
|
iai "theirs", iat'e "dirt"
|
| K
|
K° k°
|
/kʷ/
|
k°y "cart"
|
| K°' k°'
|
/kʷ'/
|
k°'akle "strong", -k°'e "-er"
|
| L
|
L l
|
/ɮ/
|
ly "meat"
|
| Ł ł
|
/ɬ/
|
łaše "weak"
|
| Ł' ł'
|
/ɬ'/
|
ł'y "man"
|
| M m
|
/m/
|
maze "moon", mepy "sheep"
|
| N n
|
/n/
|
ne "eye", ny "mother"
|
| P
|
P p
|
/p/
|
plyžy "red" paie "for, in order to"
|
| P' p'
|
/p'/
|
p'e "bed"
|
| P°'
|
/pʷ'/
|
p°'yr "apprentice"
|
| Q
|
Q q
|
/q/
|
qek°'eḥyn "to stroll, roam" maq "voice"
|
| Q° q°
|
/qʷ/
|
q°yŝe "mountain", q°e "-son (patronymic)"
|
| R r
|
/r/
|
rezeġen "to become content"
|
| S
|
S s
|
/s/
|
se "I, me", seśh°e "sabre"
|
| Ś ś
|
/ʃ/
|
śy "horse, brother"
|
| Ś' ś'
|
/ʃ'/
|
ś'yn "to do"
|
| Ś° ś°
|
/ʃʷ/
|
ś°y- "you all (imperative plural marker)"
|
| Ś°' ś°'
|
/ʃ'ʷ/
|
ś°'yc'e "black"
|
| Š š
|
/ɕ/
|
šy "three"
|
| Ŝ ŝ
|
/ʂ/
|
ŝe "hundred", ŝabe "soft, meek"
|
| T
|
T t
|
/t/
|
te "we"
|
| T' t'
|
/t'/
|
nyt'e "yes"
|
| T°' t°'
|
/tʷ'/
|
t°'yrys "old"
|
| U u
|
/w/
|
uyben "to tamp, make smooth"
|
| X
|
X x
|
/χ/
|
xyien "to move"
|
| X° x°
|
/χʷ/
|
-x°y "male ___"
|
| Z
|
Z z
|
/z/
|
-bze "female ___, -speech"
|
| Ź ź
|
/ʒ/
|
bźyḥe "autumn"
|
| Ź° ź°
|
/ʒʷ/
|
ź°aġ°e "star"
|
| Ž ž
|
/ʑ/
|
žaua "shadow"
|
| Ẑ ẑ
|
/ʐ/
|
ẑy "old", ẑaẑe "slow"
|
| '
|
'
|
/ʔ/
|
'e "hand"
|
| '°
|
/ʔʷ/
|
'°yćen "to meet"
|
