Red Laqi language: Difference between revisions

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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
===Nouns===
====Cases====
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:center"
!
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
! colspan=2 | Definite
!
|-
! style="font-variant: small-caps;" | {{altText|Abs|Absolutive}}
| -
| ''ŝ°yze''
| -r
| ''ŝ°yze'''r'''''
| "a/some woman"<br />"the woman"
|-
! style="font-variant: small-caps;" | {{altText|Erg-Obj|Ergative-Oblique}}
| -
| ''ŝ°yze''
| -m
| ''ŝ°yze'''m'''''
| "a/some woman"<br />"the woman"
|-
! style="font-variant: small-caps;" | {{altText|Inst-Dir|Instrumental-Directional}}
| -ć'e
| ''ŝ°yze'''ć'e'''''
| -mć'e
| ''ŝ°yze'''mć'e'''''
| "with a/some woman"<br />"with the woman"
|-
! style="font-variant: small-caps;" | {{altText|Adv|Adverbial}}
| colspan=2 | -u
| colspan=2 | ''ŝ°yze'''u'''''
| "as a/the woman"
|-
! style="font-variant: small-caps;" | {{altText|Adj|Adjectival}}
| colspan=2 | _
| colspan=2 | ''ŝ°yz'''_'''''
| "womanly"
|}
=====Absolutive=====
The '''Absolutive Case''' marks the subject of an intransitive verb or the direct object of a transitive verb.
======Subject of an Intransitive======
:: '''''ć'aler''' iedźap'em k°'aġe'' "'''The boy''' went to the school."
======Direct Object of a Transitive======
======Formation======
No ending added to the stem for indefinite nouns in the absolutive. ''-'''r''''' affixed to the stem for definite nouns.
=====Ergative-Oblique=====
=====Instrumental-Directional=====
=====Adverbial=====
=====Adjectival=====
The '''Adjectival Case''' marks when a noun is being used as an adjective to directly modify the following noun.
:: ''ġ°yć'y'' "iron" &rarr; '''''ġ°yć'''' wate'' "'''iron''' hammer"
======Formation======
The Adjectival Case is notable in that it is marked not with an ending, but with a reduction of the noun stem. For multi-syllabic nouns, the end vowel is clipped:
:: ''plyžy'' "red" {{altText|(abs)|Absolutive}} &rarr; ''plyž'' "red" {{altText|(adj)|Adjectival}}
For mono-syllabic nouns, the end vowel is retained; for these nouns, the Adjectival has the same form as the indefinite Absolutive or Ergative-Oblique:
:: ''ł'y'' "man" {{altText|(abs)|Absolutive}} &rarr; ''ł'y'' "manly" {{altText|(adj)|Adjectival}}
This absence of clipping extends to compounds in which a monosyllabic noun comes last:
:: ''dzeł'y'' "fighter" {{altText|(abs)|Absolutive}} [< ''dze'' "army" + ''ł'y'' "man"] &rarr; ''dzeł'y'' "fighter" {{altText|(adj)|Adjectival}}
===Pronouns===
====Personal Pronouns====
Personal pronouns can be optional, due subject and object markings on finite verbs. On the other hand, their inclusion in sentences add redundancy and can be used for emphasis. The category of "personal" covers only First and Second Person as well as a Reflexive.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 |
! First-person
! Second-person
! Reflexive
|-
! rowspan=4 | Singular
! {{altText|Abs|Absolutive}}
| ''se''
| ''ue''
| ''iež''
|-
! {{altText|Erg-Obj|Ergative-Oblique}}
| ''se''
| ''ue''
| ''iež''
|-
!
|}
====Demonstrative Pronouns====
====Possessive Pronouns====
====Predicate Pronouns====


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==


[[Category:Republic of Inner Benacia]]
[[Category:Republic of Inner Benacia]]

Revision as of 14:57, 23 May 2018

The Red Laqi language (RL. Plyžlaqebze) is the variety of Laqi speech most closely associated with the Red Laqs. Red Laqs originate from the Laqi Homeland in the grasslands of Brookshire, but split off to migrate west as Ashkenatza fell to ruin.

Phonology

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Alveolopalatal Retroflex Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t kʷ q qʷ ʔ ʔʷ
voiced b d gʷ
ejective p' pʷ' t' tʷ' kʷ'
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡sʷ t͡ʃ t͡ʂ
voiced d͡z d͡zʷ d͡ʒ
ejective t͡s' t͡ʃ' t͡ʂ'
Fricative voiceless f s ɬ ʃ ʃʷ ɕ ʂ x xʷ χ χʷ ħ
voiced z ɮ ʒ ʒʷ ʑ ʐ ɣ ʁ ʁʷ
ejective ɬ' ʃ' ʃʷ'
Approximant j w
Trill r
Central
Close-mid ə
Open a aː

Orthography

Character Phoneme Examples
A a /aː/ aban "hole"
B b /b/ be "a lot (of)"
C C c /t͡s/ cage "rib", cy "body hair"
C° c° /t͡sʷ/ c°y "ox"
C' c' /t͡s'/ c'yfy "person"
Ć ć /t͡ʃ/ ćefy "cheerful, pleased"
Ć' ć' /t͡ʃ'/ ć'ymafe "winter", ćase "late", ćyg°e "land"
Ĉ ĉ /t͡ʂ/ ĉy'e "cold"
Ĉ' ĉ' /t͡ʂ'/ ĉyfe "debt"
D D d /d/ dedźe "bitter"
Dz dz /d͡z/ dzeue "bag", dze "combat, war"
Dz° dz° /d͡zʷ/ ḥandz°e "rick, 1.208 m3"
Dź dź /d͡ʒ/ dźane "dress, robe, shirt", łamydź "bridge"
E e /a/ 'eneẑ, neneẑ "grandmother"
F f /f/ fyžy "white"
G G g /ɣ/ gyć'yġ "laundry", ge "gonad"
G° g° /gʷ/ g°y "heart"
Ġ ġ /ʁ/ ġathe "spring", -ġe "-ity, -ness"
Ġ° ġ° /ʁʷ/ ġ°yneġ°y "neighbour"
H H h /x/ -he "-s (plural marker)"
Ḥ ḥ /ħ/ ḥe "dog"
I i /j/ iai "theirs", iat'e "dirt"
K K° k° /kʷ/ k°y "cart"
K°' k°' /kʷ'/ k°'akle "strong", -k°'e "-er"
L L l /ɮ/ ly "meat"
Ł ł /ɬ/ łaše "weak"
Ł' ł' /ɬ'/ ł'y "man"
M m /m/ maze "moon", mepy "sheep"
N n /n/ ne "eye", ny "mother"
P P p /p/ plyžy "red" paie "for, in order to"
P' p' /p'/ p'e "bed"
P°' /pʷ'/ p°'yr "apprentice"
Q Q q /q/ qek°'eḥyn "to stroll, roam" maq "voice"
Q° q° /qʷ/ q°yŝe "mountain", q°e "-son (patronymic)"
R r /r/ rezeġen "to become content"
S S s /s/ se "I, me", seśh°e "sabre"
Ś ś /ʃ/ śy "horse, brother"
Ś° ś° /ʃʷ/ ś°y- "you all (imperative plural marker)", ś°ece "black"
Š š /ɕ/ šy "three"
Ŝ ŝ /ʂ/ ŝe "hundred", ŝabe "soft, meek"
T T t /t/ te "we"
T' t' /t'/ nyt'e "yes"
T°' t°' /tʷ'/ t°'yrys "old"
U u /w/ uyben "to tamp, make smooth"
X X x /χ/ xyien "to move"
X° x° /χʷ/ -x°y "male ___"
Z Z z /z/ -bze "female ___, -speech"
Ź ź /ʒ/ bźyḥe "autumn"
Ź° ź° /ʒʷ/ ź°aġ°e "star"
Ž ž /ʑ/ žaua "shadow"
Ẑ ẑ /ʐ/ ẑy "old", ẑaẑe "slow"
' ' /ʔ/ 'e "hand"
'° /ʔʷ/ '°yćen "to meet"

Grammar

Verbs

Nouns

Cases

Indefinite Definite
Abs - ŝ°yze -r ŝ°yzer "a/some woman"
"the woman"
Erg-Obj - ŝ°yze -m ŝ°yzem "a/some woman"
"the woman"
Inst-Dir -ć'e ŝ°yzeć'e -mć'e ŝ°yzemć'e "with a/some woman"
"with the woman"
Adv -u ŝ°yzeu "as a/the woman"
Adj _ ŝ°yz_ "womanly"
Absolutive

The Absolutive Case marks the subject of an intransitive verb or the direct object of a transitive verb.

Subject of an Intransitive
ć'aler iedźap'em k°'aġe "The boy went to the school."
Direct Object of a Transitive
Formation

No ending added to the stem for indefinite nouns in the absolutive. -r affixed to the stem for definite nouns.

Ergative-Oblique
Instrumental-Directional
Adverbial
Adjectival

The Adjectival Case marks when a noun is being used as an adjective to directly modify the following noun.

ġ°yć'y "iron" → ġ°yć' wate "iron hammer"
Formation

The Adjectival Case is notable in that it is marked not with an ending, but with a reduction of the noun stem. For multi-syllabic nouns, the end vowel is clipped:

plyžy "red" (abs) → plyž "red" (adj)

For mono-syllabic nouns, the end vowel is retained; for these nouns, the Adjectival has the same form as the indefinite Absolutive or Ergative-Oblique:

ł'y "man" (abs) → ł'y "manly" (adj)

This absence of clipping extends to compounds in which a monosyllabic noun comes last:

dzeł'y "fighter" (abs) [< dze "army" + ł'y "man"] → dzeł'y "fighter" (adj)

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns can be optional, due subject and object markings on finite verbs. On the other hand, their inclusion in sentences add redundancy and can be used for emphasis. The category of "personal" covers only First and Second Person as well as a Reflexive.

First-person Second-person Reflexive
Singular Abs se ue iež
Erg-Obj se ue iež

Demonstrative Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Predicate Pronouns

Lexicon

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