View source for Sanaman language/Vocabulary

==Sanaman vocabulary==
Most of the Sanaman vocabulary is Cosimo-Benacian in origin, but the language has also borrowed words, mostly from [[Cisamarrese language|Cisamarrese]], some from [[Laqi]] and more recently [[Istvanistani language|Istvanistani]], [[Praeta language|Praeta]] and [[Babkhi language|Babkhi]]. A standardised version of the Sanaman language, comprising influences from the Ama and Sani dialects, was formed in 1681.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1px; border:1px solid #ccc;"
|-
!Semantic Domain
! style="width:5em" | Word
!Etymology
!Definition
|-
|| body || xonu || &nbsp; || ''noun:'' head, main
|-
|| government || xonuti || &nbsp; || ''noun:'' traditional: king, leader, chieftain; modern: president
|-
|| grammar || ti || &nbsp; || ''suffix:'' abstraction of noun to refer to a person
|-
|| grammar || lla || &nbsp; || ''suffix:'' area belonging to the modified noun
|-
|| grammar || qe || &nbsp; || ''suffix:'' part, section, subdivision of the modified noun
|-
|| &nbsp; || sawa || &nbsp; || ''adjective:'' free, unchained, not in servitude, independent
|-
|| government || rrumë || &nbsp; || ''noun:'' state, independent entity
|-
|| grammar || na || &nbsp; || ''conjunction:'' and
|-
|| government || kosos || '''Pr.''' ''Koïsoß'', "Empire or a significant State, realm, domain, sphere" || ''noun:'' empire
|-
|| interjection || oyá || &nbsp; || ''interj.:'' hello, hi
|-
|| color || lunti || &nbsp; || ''noun, adjective:'' green
|-
|| structure || ffaman || &nbsp; || ''noun:'' garden, fenced or otherwise delimited area with controlled greenery
|-
|| direction || esa || &nbsp; || ''noun, adjective:'' east
|-
|| geology || paharr || &nbsp; || ''noun:'' spring, source of running water
|-
|| direction || ate || &nbsp; || ''noun, adjective:'' west
|-
|| geography || hareffa || &nbsp; || ''noun:'' island
|-
|| geography || hareffina || '''Sa.''' ''hareffa'', island + ''ina'', half || ''noun:'' peninsula
|-
|| colloquialism || tata || &nbsp; || ''noun:'' filth, dirt
|-
|| profanity || tati || '''Sa.''' ''tata'', filth, dirt || ''noun:'' originally a derogatory term for [[Sani people|Sanis]] used by Istvani-speakers in and around [[Niyi]]. Now considered a racist slur, but used to that effect all over the country in certain circles.
|-
|| abstract || pesh || || ''adjective, noun:'' dead, death
|-
| abstract || peshë || || ''verb:'' die, cease to live
|-
|| geography || ranti || || ''noun:'' beach, shore
|-
|| direction || teta || || ''noun, adjective:'' south
|-
|| geography || puri || || ''noun:'' harbour, port
|-
|| geography || kara || || ''noun:'' river
|-
|| || axi || || ''adjective:'' new
|-
|| || pantera || '''Cis.''' ''bandiera'' || ''noun:'' flag
|-
|| || insenya || '''Cis.''' ''insegna'' || ''noun:'' ensign
|-
|| || sale || || ''noun:'' health, soundness
|-
|| || sale || '''Cis.''' ''sale'' || ''noun:'' salt
|-
|| || manso || '''Cis.''' ''manzo'' || ''noun:'' beef, meat from cattle
|-
|| || muton || '''Ist.''' ''mutton'' || ''noun:'' mutton, meat from sheep
|-
|| || kalarra || || ''noun:'' fish
|-
|| || whaso || || ''noun:'' bird
|-
|| || inseto || '''Cis.''' ''insetto'' || ''noun:'' insect
|-
|| || ffesun || || ''noun:'' animal, beast, non-human living being
|-
|| || xo sale || '''San.''' ''xo'' much, plentiful + '''San.''' ''sale'' health || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Often pronounced ''xos''. Heavily promoted by Sani- and Ama-speaking cantons instead of Istvanistani expressions.
|-
|| || shaw || '''Cis.''' ciao || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Sometimes used in Amarra and by Ama speakers in majority Cisamarrese areas.
|-
|| || helo || '''Ist.''' hello || ''interj.'' hello, hi. Sometimes used in Sanilla and by Sani speakers in majority Istvanistani areas.
|-
|| || namake || '''Bab.''' ''namak'' salt || ''noun:'' semen
|-
|| || narte || '''Bab.''' ''nard'' nectar || ''noun:'' vaginal fluids
|-
| geography || ixar || || ''noun:'' inlet, narrow bay
|-
| direction || sirra || || ''noun, adjective:'' north
|-
| building || islus || '''Elw.''' ''islus'' sluice || ''noun:'' sluice, lock
|-
| concept || halin || || ''adj.:'' secure, safe
|-
| concept || halimpan || '''San.''' ''halin'' secure, safe || ''noun:'' security, safety
|-
| grammar || -pan || || ''suffix:'' turns an abstract adjective into a noun
|-
| direction || apishe || '''Cis.''' ''apice'' apex, peak, climax, top || ''noun:'' apex, top, peak
|-
| || sawa || '''R. Laq.''' ''zaua'' fight, battle, war || ''noun:'' disagreement, conflict
|-
| business || pangka || '''Cis.''' ''banca'' bank || ''noun:'' bank
|-
| grammar || -li || || ''suffix:'' genitive, signifying the owner of the preceding noun phrase
|-
| grammar || -ya || || ''suffix:'' turns an abstract noun into an adjective
|-
| || nasyon || '''Ist.''' ''nation'' || ''noun:'' nation
|-
| || nasyonal || '''Ist.''' ''national'' || ''adj.:'' national
|-
| || llusan || '''San.''' ''llus'' discussion, ''an'' house || ''noun:'' assembly, council; often used for the traditional local tribal councils in Sanilla and Amarra. For foreign deliberative bodies, ''konselyo'' is used.
|-
| || llus || || ''noun:'' discussion, exchange of ideas; a mutual meaningful conversation.
|-
| || llusë || '''San.''' ''llus'' discussion, exchange of ideas || ''verb:'' to discuss, to exchange ideas.
|-
| || konselyo || '''Cis.''' ''consiglio'' || ''noun:'' council; see also ''llusan''.
|-
| grammar || -en || || ''suffix:'' turns a transitive verb into a noun.
|-
| structure || an || || ''noun:'' house, built structure for human habitation.
|-
| grammar || -ako || || ''suffix:'' place of, physical space belonging to the modified word. Contrasts with ''-lla'' in that ''-lla'' refers to a geographical area.
|-
| || rrumëti || '''San.''' ''rrumë'' state, '''San.''' ''-ti'' person of. || ''noun:'' citizen, national. '''Ex.:''' ''rrumëti Sanamali'', citizen of Sanama.
|-
| nature || qanë || '''Elw''' ''qanyr'' snowflake || ''noun:'' snow
|-
| geography || estorlla || '''Sto.''' ''Stormark'', '''San.''' ''-lla'' area belonging to || ''noun:'' Stormark
|-
| || estorti || '''San.''' ''estor(lla)'' Stormark, ''-ti'' person of || ''noun:'' 1. Storish person, 2. degenerate
|-
| || estorya || '''San.''' ''estor(lla)'' Stormark, ''-ya'' turns noun into adjective || 1. ''adj.:'' Storish, 2. ''adj.:'' Morally corrupt, degenerated
|-
| number || nula || '''Cis.''' ''nulla'' zero || zero
|-
| number || lan || || one
|-
| number || furr || || two
|-
| number || si || || three
|-
| number || tiqa || || four
|-
| number || palë || || five
|-
| number || walana || || six
|-
| number || iko || || seven
|-
| number || sheya || || eight
|-
| number || nakol || || nine
|-
| number || papalë || || ten
|-
| number || tipalë || '''San.''' ''tiqa'' four, '''San.''' ''palë'' five; four fives || twenty
|-
| number || wapalë || '''San.''' ''walana'' six, '''San.''' ''palë'' five; six fives || thirty
|-
| number || shepalë || '''San.''' ''sheya'' eight, '''San.''' ''palë'' five; eight fives || forty
|-
| number || papapalë || '''San.''' ''palë'' five, '''San.''' ''papalë'' ten; five tens || fifty
|-
| number || sesanta || '''Cis.''' ''sessanta'' sixty || sixty
|-
| number || setanta || '''Cis.''' ''settanta'' seventy || seventy
|-
| number || otanta || '''Cis.''' ''ottanta'' eighty || eighty
|-
| number || nofanta || '''Cis.''' ''novanta'' ninety || ninety
|-
| number || fuwapalë || '''San.''' ''furr'' two, '''San.''' ''wapalë'' thirty; two thirties || sixty
|-
| number || fushepalina || '''San.''' ''fushepalë'' eighty, '''San.''' ''ina'' half || seventy
|-
| number || fushepalë || '''San.''' ''furr'' two, '''San.''' ''shepalë'' forty; two forties || eighty
|-
| number || patipalina || '''San.''' ''patipalë'' hundred, '''San.''' ''ina'' half || ninety
|-
| number || patipalë || '''San.''' ''palë'' five, '''San.''' ''tipalë'' twenty; five twenties || hundred
|-
| number || sento || '''Cis.''' ''cento'' hundred || hundred
|-
| concept || kaye || || none, lack of something
|-
| suffix || kaye || || lack of the modified word, like Ist. ''-less''
|-
| prefix || lan || '''San.''' ''lan'' one || definite form, one unit of the noun
|-
| prefix || qul || '''San.''' ''qale'' many || undeterminate plural
|-
| || qale || || many, lots, several
|-
| || miqale || || few
|-
| prefix || mi || || turns the modified word into its antonym
|-
| animal || aso || || ''noun:'' dog; domesticated ''canis lupus familiaris''.
|-
| || uray || || ''noun:'' love, deep affection
|-
| || uraya || '''San.''' ''uray'' love (n) || ''t. verb:'' to love, to have deep affection for something or someone.
|-
| || urayya || '''San.''' ''uray'' love (n) || lovingly, affectionately
|-
| || sharam || || people, ethnic group
|-
| structure || pahay || || house, dwelling, establishment
|-
| food || pikas || || rice
|-
| abstract nouns || serhqal || || ''noun:'' theft, thievery
|-
| concept || serhqalya || || ''adj.:'' stolen, taken
|-
| actions || serhqalë || || ''t. verb:'' to steal, to take without permission
|-
| geography || taxa || || ''noun:'' sea, ocean
|-
| person || taxati || || ''noun:'' seaman, sailor
|-
| physics || hangko || || ''noun:'' air, atmosphere
|}

==Swadesh list==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width=250 | Istvani
! width=250 | Sani
! width=250 | Istvani
! width=250 | Sani
|-
| I || ako || breasts ||
|-
| you || ika || heart ||
|-
| we (inclusive) || tayo || liver ||
|-
| this || to || drink (verb) || 
|-
| that || ya || eat (verb) || 
|-
| who? || ffino || bite (verb) || 
|-
| what? || yano || see (verb) || 
|-
| not || kaye || hear (verb) || 
|-
| all (of a number) || telh || know (facts) || 
|-
| many || qale || sleep (verb) || 
|-
| one || lan || die (verb) || 
|-
| two || furh || kill (verb) || 
|-
| big || mala || swim (verb) || 
|-
| long (not wide) || maten || fly (verb) ||
|-
| small || kiti || walk (verb) ||
|-
| woman || nati || come (verb) || 
|-
| man (adult male human) || leti || lie (on side, recline) || 
|-
| person (invididual human) || ti || sit (verb) || 
|-
| fish (noun) || kalarha || stand (verb) || 
|-
| bird || whaso || give (verb) || 
|-
| dog || asho || say (verb) || 
|-
| louse || titixa || sun || 
|-
| tree (not log) || puno || moon || 
|-
| seed (noun) || fini || star || 
|-
| leaf (botanics) || taxo || water (noun) || 
|-
| root (botanics) || yukal || rain (noun) || 
|-
| bark (of tree) || tuman || stone (noun) || 
|-
| skin (person's) || palarh || sand || 
|-
| flesh (meat, flesh) || lhaman || earth (soil) || 
|-
| blood || tuxa || cloud (not fog) || 
|-
| bone || puto || smoke (noun, of fire) || 
|-
| grease (fat, organic substance) || keris || fire || 
|-
| egg || oko || ash(es) ||
|-
| horn (of bull etc.) || hela || burn (verb intr.) || 
|-
| tail || punto || path (road, trail) || 
|-
| feather (large, not down) || palana || mountain (not hill) || 
|-
| hair (on head of humans) || lilina || red (color) || 
|-
| head (anatomic) || xonu || green (color) || 
|-
| ear || ngulo || yellow (color) || 
|-
| eye || ala || white (color) || 
|-
| nose || seno || black (color) || 
|-
| mouth || shef || night || 
|-
| tooth (front, rather than molar) || kalin || hot (adjective) || 
|-
| tongue (anatomical) || tila || cold (of weather) || 
|-
| claw || kuxo || full || 
|-
| foot (not leg) || paha || new ||
|-
| knee || tari || good || 
|-
| hand || rhinga || round || 
|-
| belly (lower part of body, abdomen) || pëko || dry (substance) || 
|-
| neck (not nape) || kaxi || name || 
|}

[[Category:Languages]]